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i want to confirm the job i secured from seadrill mobile units nigeria. is it true or fraud.? SETTING THE STANDARD IN DRILLING SEADRILL MOBILE UNITS NIGERIA LTD (Mobile Units and Jack-ups Nigeria) Sabaina HousePlot M15 Banana Island Foreshore Estate Ikoyi Lagos Mobile:+234-8067632080 SR/EMP/EXP/VOL.IV/09- OFFER LETTER Attention: HUSSAIN MOHAMMED ERSHATH A.M. RE: CONTRACT LETTER We refer to your earlier forwarded application for job engagement with relations to the Seadrill Mobile Units Nigeria Ltd; Oil Project in rivers state Nigeria with job reference number: SR/EMP/EXP/VOL.IV/09. On the above subject matter, the Seadrill Mobile Units Nigeria Ltd. Management hereby congratulates you on your successful emergence based on detailed recruitment by our official recruitment consultants. Also this is to inform you that we the Human Resources Department of Seadrill Mobile Units Nigeria Ltd have hereby acknowledged the receipt of your answer to the short on-line interview questions. We have written to inform you that your response to the short online interview questions was found suitable for this project requirement. You are hereby inform that you have been accepted/selected by Seadrill Mobile Units Nigeria Ltd to work as physiotherapist, for the requirement of the Seadrill St Fergus Gas To Liquid Plant Project here in Nigeria with a salary indication of $7,550 united state dollars (USD) per month (After tax deduction). The contract is a 24 months time contract 28 days ON 28 days OFF, which can be renewable by the employee if necessary. Work | Life | Balance Some of our work/life balance benefits include: Education Learning and development is an important part of the Seadrill culture. We offer educational reimbursements to pay for or reimburse a portion of fees related to job-related workshops, off-site seminars, courses taken at accredited educational institutions and other programs targeted to improve your skills and performance, plus paid time off for study and exams. Travel Seadrill offers international opportunities that enable you to work and train in locations around the globe. With a presence in approximately 70 countries, Seadrill offers many opportunities to work on interesting projects, collaborate with new people, experience new cultures and see the world. Time off With our generous flex day, holidays, leaves of absence and vacation opportunities, you get the time you need to enjoy life outside of work. Health and wellness Seadrill offers a wellness program that promotes the health and well-being of our employees and their families through the delivery of customized solutions to help lose weight, quit smoking and get in better shape. Home apartment First class family accommodation will be provided to you in Company communities only as necessitated by employee with maximum security both in the site also entitled with bullet-proof vehicles for safety and driver shall be adequately provided along with army officers or ant armed force in all your movement for safety. Note: the Nigeria constitution with expatriate who wish to engage services with oil and gas in Nigeria must have Department of Petroleum Resources certificate (DPR), before he/she will be allow to working with Oil Company here. What we are implying is that, if you don't have department of petroleum resources certificate, you will not be authorize by Nigeria government to join Seadrill Team Nigeria. This is because of the existing policy. All the same if you have worked here in this country after this constitution was made, invariably you must have the side certificate. JOB PROCEEDING/REQUIREMENT: You are to note that all employees successfully screened and recruited for the Searill St Fergus Gas To Liquid Plant Project here in Nigeria. that are not presently possessing a DPR CERTIFICATE shall be expected to personally incur all expenses that are related to the processing, procurement and acquisition of necessary DPR certificate, as every expenses incur by you on the processing of your DPR certificate shall be duly reimbursed to you not later than Five (5) working days after submission of employee’s expense report and receipts to us for proper verification. You shall be required to furnish us with your DPR certificate on or before the 18th May. 2009 as a proof of readiness to join Seadrill Mobile Units Nigeria Ltd. (Seadrill St Fergus Gas To Liquid Plant Project team) in the due time as stipulated above for your job resumption with the Seadrill Mobile Units Nigeria Ltd. And also to enable you receive your first monthly salary including your due entitlements/emoluments prior to your departure for services with the Seadrill Mobile Units Nigeria Ltd. However, for expatriate services employees who do not presently have DPR certificate are to make contact with the address given below for issuing DPR certificate to you. Note: You have to write a letter of application to the Department of petroleum resources Nigeria for the proc

The main idea of paragraph 1 is expressed in which sentence? of life history strategies? Life History Strategies 1. (1) Interaction, as you recall, is the back-and-forth dialogue and discussion in which participants engage during meetings. (2) Without interaction, meetings would be like a monologue, a speech, or a seminar, rather than a lively discussion. (3) But too much unfocused interaction can result in a disorganized, chaotic discussion that rambles and wobbles. (4) To keep the meeting on track, meeting leaders and participants need facilitation skills. (5) These are skills that ensure the discussion stays focused. (6) A meeting facilitator needs to be a skilled listener who is sensitive to both individual members’ needs and the over-arching group goals. (7) By listening, you can determine when you need to use gatekeeping skills. (8) A gatekeeper encourages less-talkative members to participate and limits lengthy contributions by more long-winded members. (9) Gatekeepers make such comments as this: “Ayako, we haven’t heard your ideas yet. (10) Won’t you share your thoughts with us?” or “Mike, thanks for sharing, but I’d like to hear what others have to say.” (11) Polite, tactful invitations to talk or limit talk usually work. (12) You may need to speak privately with an unruly over-verbalizer to let him or her know that you’d appreciate a more balanced discussion. 2. Another effective interaction management skill is to use metadiscussion. Metadiscussion literally means “discussion about discussion.” It’s a comment about the discussion process rather than about the topic under consideration. Metadiscussional statements include “I’m not following this conversation. What is our goal?” or “Can someone summarize what we’ve accomplished so far?” and “Peggy, I’m not sure I understand how your observation relates to our meeting goal.” These comments contain information and advice about the communication process, rather than about the issues that are being discussed. Metadiscussional phrases are helpful ways to keep the team or group focused on the task. We’re not suggesting that you personally attack others. Don’t just blurt out, “You’re off task” or “Oh, let’s not talk about that anymore.” Instead, use tactful ways of letting other group members know you’d like to return to the issues at hand. Use “I” messages rather than “You” messages to bring the group back on track. An “I” message begins with the word “I,” such as “I am not sure where we are in our discussion” or “I am lost here.” A “you” message is a way of phrasing a message that makes others feel defensive. Here are examples of “you” messages: “You’re not following the agenda” or “Your point doesn’t make any sense.” Another way to express these same ideas, but with less of a negative edge, is to use “I” messages such as “I’m not sure where we are on the agenda” or “I’m not sure I understand how your point relates to the issue we are discussing.” 3. Metadiscussion is an exceptionally powerful skill because you can offer metadiscussional statements even if you are not the appointed leader. Being sensitive to the time the group is spending on an issue is yet another skill necessary to manage meeting interaction. Think of your agenda as a map, helping you plan where you want to go. Think of the clock as your gas gauge, telling you the amount of fuel you have to get where you want to go. In a meeting, keeping one eye on the clock and one eye on the agenda is analogous to focusing on the map and the gas gauge on a car trip. If you are running low on fuel (time), you will either need to get more gas (budget more time) or recognize that you will not get where you want to go. Begin each meeting by asking how long members can meet. If you face two or three crucial agenda items, and one-third of your group has to leave in an hour, you may need to reshuffle your agenda to make sure you can achieve your goals. —Beebe, Steven, Judith Beebe, and Diana Ivy. Communication: Principles for a Lifetime. 1st ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2001. 295-297. Print.

Letter of Intention for college? My cousin is comming from another country to study in a college in the summer time.. we wrote this intention of letter for her. I just wantted to know if it was a exeptable letter and if i should revise any part of it please tell me... THANKSSS... 10/18/09 Dr./Mr./Ms. XXX (contact person’s last name) Title Organization Name Street Address Dear Dr. XXX: I am a student currently attending my third year in Kocaeli Unversity Department of Chemical Engineering. I would like to attend one of your Chemical/ Environmental internship during the summer period. I am currently taking courses on English, Technical English, Entry of chemical engineering, Physics, History, Math, Physicochemistry, General Chemistry Laboratory, Physicochemistry Laboratory, Analytical Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Organic Chemistry, Instrumental Analysis, Fluid Mechanics, Statics, Mass and Energy Balances, Heat Transfer, Numeric Analysis, Polymer Chemistry. I was looking for colleges in United States and my aunt informed me about your college. She is a United States Citizen who lives nearby your college. When she mentioned about your excellence in eduction, and your well known name in this area she also told me it would be a great opportunity for me to take part in your summer internship program! I had my internship in Pfizer (drug company) in summer 2008 in Turkey. I am an active member of UCTEA Chamber of chemical Engineers Student Commissions. I took seminars about paint in Yildiz Technical University. I worked at 7th international Paint and Auxiliary Products Industry Exhibition which was held in Istanbul, Turkey. During the Exhibition I had a great chance to join the conferences. I had a chance to also expand my knowledge on Polymers. I also had a lot of observation in the exhibit.. As I mentioned as a member of UCTEA we are planning a lot of technical trips. One of our trips included Tupras Turkish Petroleum Refineries Corporation. I would like to improve myself in the are of chemical engineering. I graduated as a valedictorian in my Senior year of High school. I have passed all of my college courses from the previous years. I am fluent in writing and speaking English. I believe I am qualified to be a part of your researches and learn gain more knowledge on this subject. I am currently tutoring four high school and middle school students. I also enjoy playing basketball, watching movies and theater. Thank You for your time and consideration.

Give me your opinion insights and summary or how you understand this..? CHAPTER 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS Article One Basic Air Quality Policies SECTION 1. Short Title. - This Act shall be known as the "Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999". SECTION 2. Declaration of Principles. - The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature. The State shall promote and protect the global environment to attain sustainable development while recognizing the primary responsibility of local government units to deal with environmental problems. The State recognizes that the responsibility of cleaning the habitat and environment is primarily area-based. The State also recognizes the principle that "polluters must pay". Finally, the State recognizes that a clean and healthy environment is for the good of all and should therefore be the concern of all. SECTION 3. Declaration of Policies. - The State shall pursue a policy of balancing development and environmental protection. To achieve this end, the frame work for sustainable development shall be pursued. It shall be the policy of the State to: a. Formulate a holistic national program of air pollution management that shall be implemented by the government through proper delegation and effective coordination of functions and activities; b. Encourage cooperation and self-regulation among citizens and industries through the application of market-based instruments; c. Focus primarily on pollution prevention rather than on control and provide for a comprehensive management program for air pollution; d. Promote public information and education and to encourage the participation of an informed and active public in air quality planning and monitoring; and e. Formulate and enforce a system of accountability for short and long-term adverse environmental impact of a project, program or activity. This shall include the setting up of a funding or guarantee mechanism for clean-up and environmental rehabilitation and compensation for personal damages. SECTION 4. Recognition of Rights. - Pursuant to the above-declared principles, the following rights of citizens are hereby sought to be recognized and the State shall seek to guarantee the enjoyment: a. The right to breathe clean air; b. The right to utilize and enjoy all natural resources according to the principles of sustainable development; c. The right to participate in the formulation, planning, implementation and monitoring of environmental policies and programs and in the decision-making process; d. The right to participate in the decision-making process concerning development policies, plans and programs projects or activities that may have adverse impact on the environment and public health; e. The right to be informed of the nature and extent of the potential hazard of any activity, undertaking or project and to be served timely notice of any significant rise in the level of pollution and the accidental or deliberate release into the atmosphere of harmful or hazardous substances; f. The right of access to public records which a citizen may need to exercise his or her rights effectively under this Act; g. The right to bring action in court or quasi-judicial bodies to enjoin all activities in violation of environmental laws and regulations, to compel the rehabilitation and cleanup of affected area, and to seek the imposition of penal sanctions against violators of environmental laws;and h. The right to bring action in court for compensation of personal damages resulting from the adverse environmental and public health impact of a project or activity. Article Two Definition of Terms SECTION 5. -Definitions.- As used in this Act: a.) "Air pollutant" means any matter found in the atmosphere other than oxygen, nitrogen, water vapor, carbon dioxide, and the inert gases in their natural or normal concentrations, that is detrimental to health or the environment, which includes but not limited to smoke, dust, soot, cinders, fly ash, solid particles of any king, gases, fumes, chemical mists, steam and radioactive substances; b.) "Air pollution" means any alteration of the physical, chemical and biological properties of the atmospheric air, or any discharge thereto of any liquid, gaseous or solid substances that will or is likely to create or to render the air resources of the country harmful, detrimental, or injurious to public health, safety or welfare or which will adversely affect their utilization for domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, recreational, or other legitimate purposes; c.) "Ambient air quality guideline values" means the concentration of air over specified periods classified as short-term and long-term which are intended to serve as goals or objectives for the protection of health and/or public welfare. These values shall be used for air quality management purposes such as determining time trends, evaluating stages of deterioration or enhancement o the air quality, and in general, used as basis or taking positive action in preventing, controlling, or abating air pollution; d.) "Ambient air quality" means the general amount of pollution present in a broad area; and refers to the atmosphere's average purity as distinguished from discharge measurements taken at the source of pollution; e.) "Certificate of Conformity" means a certificate issued by the Department o Environment and Natural Resources to a vehicle manufacturer/assembler or importer certifying that a particular new vehicle or vehicle type meets the requirements provided under this Act and its rules and regulations; f.) "Department" means the Department of Environment and Natural Resources; g.)" Eco-profile" means the geographic-based instrument for planners and decision makers which present an evaluation of the environment quality and carrying capacity of an area. It is the result of the integration of primary data and information on natural resources and antropogenic activities on the land which evaluated by various environmental risk assessment and forecasting methodologies that enable the Department to anticipate the type of development control necessary in the planning area. h.)" Emission" means any air contaminant, pollutant, gas stream or unwanted sound from a known source which is passed into the atmosphere; i.) " Greenhouse gases" means those gases that can potentially or can reasonably be expected to induce global warming, which include carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, chloroflourocarbons, and the like; j.) "Hazardous substances" means those substances which present either : (1) short-term acute hazards such as acute toxicity by ingestion, inhalation, or skin absorption, corrosivity or other skin or eye contact hazard or the risk of fire explosion; or (2) long-term toxicity upon repeated exposure, carcinogecity (which in some cases result in acute exposure but with a long latent period), resistance to detoxification process such as biodegradation, the potential to pollute underground or surface waters; k.)" Infectious waste " means that portion of medical waste that could transmit an infectious disease; l.)" Medical waste" means that materials generated as a result of patient diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals; m.) " Mobile source" means any vehicle propelled by or thorough combustion of carbon-based or other fuel, constructed and operated principally for the conveyance of persons or the transportation of property goods; n.) " Motor vehicle" means any vehicle propelled by a gasoline or diesel engine or by any means other than human or animal power, constructed and operated principally for the conveyance of persons or the transportation of property or goods in a public highway or street open to public use; o.) " Municipal waste" means the waste materials generated from communities within a specific locality; p)." New vehicle" means a vehicle constructed entirely from new parts that has never been sold or registered with the DOTC or with the appropriate agency or authority, and operated on the highways of the Philippines, any foreign state of country; q.) " Octane Rating or the Anti-Knock Index(AKI)" means the rating of the anti-knock characteristics of a grade or type of automotive gasoline as determined by dividing by two (2) the sum of the Research Octane Number (RON), plus the Motor Octane Number (MON); the octane requirement, with respect to automotive gasoline for use in a motor vehicle or a class thereof , whether imported, manufactured, or assembled by a manufacturer, shall refer to the minimum octane rating of such automotive gasoline which such manufacturer recommends for the efficient operation of such motor vehicle, or a substantial portion of such class, without knocking; r.) " Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)" means those substances that significantly deplete or otherwise modify the ozone layer in a manner that is likely to result in adverse effects of human health and the environment such as , but not limited to , chloroflourocarbons, halons and the like; s.) "Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)" means the organic compounds that persist in the environment, bioaccumulate through the food web, and pose a risk of causing adverse effects to human health and the environment. These compounds resist photolytic, chemical and biological degradation, which shall include but not be limited to dioxin, furan, Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides, such as aldrin, dieldrin, DDT, hexachlorobenzene, lindane, toxaphere and chlordane; t.) "Poisonous and toxic fumes" means any emissions and fumes which are beyond internationally-accepted standards, including but not limited to the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline values; u. " Pollution control device " means any device or apparatus used to prevent, control or abate the pollution of air caused by emissions from identified pollution sources at levels within the air pollution control standards established by the Department; v.) " Pollution control technology" means the pollution control devices, production process, fuel combustion processes or other means that effectively prevent or reduce emissions or effluent; w.) " Standard of performance " means a standard for emissions of air pollutant which reflects the degree of emission limitation achievable through the application of the best system of emission reduction, taking into account the cost of achieving such reduction and any non-air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirement which the Department determines, and adequately demonstrates; and x.) " Stationary source" means any building or immobile structure, facility or installation which emits or may emit any air pollutant. CHAPTER 2 AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Article One General Provisions SEC. 6. Air Quality Monitoring and Information Network - The Department shall prepare an annual National Air Quality Status Report which shall be used as the basis in formulating the Integrated Air Quality Improvement Framework, as provided for in Sec. 7. The said report shall include, but shall not be limited to the following: a.) Extent of pollution in the country, per type of pollutant and per type of source, based on reports of the Department's monitoring stations; b.) Analysis and evaluation of the current state, trends and projections of air pollution at the various levels provided herein; c.) Identification of critical areas, activities, or projects which will need closer monitoring or regulation; d.) Recommendations for necessary executive and legislative action; and e.) Other pertinent qualitative and quantitative information concerning the extent of air pollution and the air quality performance rating of industries in the country. The Department, in cooperation with the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB), shall design and develop an information network for data storage, retrieval and exchange. The Department shall serve as the central depository of all data and information related to air quality. SEC. 7. Integrated Air Quality Improvement Framework.- The Department shall within six (6) months after the effectivity of this Act, establish, with the participation of LGUs, NGOs, POs, the academe and other concerned entities from the private sector, formulate and implement the Integrated Air Quality Improvement Framework for a comprehensive air pollution management and control program. The framework shall, among others, prescribe the emission reduction goals using permissible standards, control strategies and control measures to undertaken within a specified time period, including cost-effective use of economic incentives, managements strategies, collective actions, and environmental education and information. The Integrated Air Quality Improvement Framework shall be adopted as the official blueprint with which all government agencies must comply with to attain and maintain ambient air quality standards. SEC. 8 Air Quality Control Action Plan- Within six (6) months after the formulation of the framework, the Department shall, with public participation, formulate and implement an air quality control action plan consistent with Sec. 7 of this Act. The action plan shall : a.) Include enforceable emission limitations and other control measures, means or techniques, as well as schedules and time tables for compliance, as may be necessary or appropriate to meet the applicable requirements of this Act; b.) Provide for the establishment and operation of appropriate devices, methods, systems and procedures necessary to monitor, compile and analyze data on ambient air quality; c.) Include a program to provide for the following : (1) enforcement of the measures described in subparagraph (a);(2) regulation of the modification and construction of any stationary source within the areas covered by the plan, in accordance with land use policy to ensure that ambient air quality standards are achieved; d). Contain adequate provisions, consistent with the provisions of this Act, prohibiting any source or other types of emissions activity within the country from emitting any air pollutant in amounts which will significantly contribute to the non-attainment or will interfere with the maintenance by the Department of any such ambient air quality standard required to be included in the implementation plan to prevent significant deterioration of air quality or to protect visibility; e.) Include control strategies and control measures to be undertaken within a specified time period, including cost effective use of economic incentives, management strategies, collection action and environmental education and information; f.) Designate airsheds; and g.)All other measures necessary for the effective control and abatement of air pollution. The adoption of the plan shall clarify the legal effects on the financial, manpower and budgetary resources of the affected government agencies, and on the alignment of their programs with the plans. In addition to direct regulations, the plan shall be characterized by a participatory approach to the pollution problem. The involvement of private entities in the monitoring and testing of emissions from mobile and/or stationary sources shall be considered. Likewise, the LGU's, with the assistance from the Department, shall prepare and develop an action plan consistent with the Integrated Air Quality Improvement Framework to attain and maintain the ambient air quality standards with their respective airsheds as provided in Sec. 9 hereof. The local government units shall develop and submit to the Department as procedure for carrying out the action plan for their jurisdiction. The Department, however, shall maintain its authority to independently inspect the enforcement procedure adopted. The Department shall have the power to closely supervise all or parts of the air quality action plan until such time the local government unit concerned can assume the function to enforce the standards set by the Department. A multi-sectoral monitoring team with broad public representation shall be convened by the Department for each LGU to conduct periodic inspections of air pollution sources to assess compliance with emission limitations contained in their permits. SEC. 9 Airsheds. - Pursuant to Sec. 8 of this Act, the designation of airsheds shall be on the basis of, but not limited to, areas with similar climate, meteorology and topology which affect the interchange and diffusion of pollutants in the atmosphere, or areas which share common interest or face similar development programs, prospects or problems. For a more effective air quality management, a system of planning and coordination shall be established and a common action plan shall be formulated for each airshed. To effectively carry out the formulated actions plans, a Governing Board is hereby created, hereinafter referred to as the Board. The Board shall be headed by the Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources as chairman. The members shall be as follows: a.) Provincial Governors from areas belonging to the airshed; b.) City/Municipal Mayors from areas belonging to the airshed; c.) A representative from each concerned government agency; d.) Representatives from people's organizations; e.) Representatives from non-government organizations; and f.) Representatives from the private sector. The Board shall perform the following functions: a.) Formulation of policies; b.) Preparation of a common action plan; c.) Coordination of functions among its members; and d.) Submission and publication of an annual Air Quality Status Report for each airshed. Upon consultation with appropriate local government authorities, the Department shall, from time to time, revise the designation of airsheds utilizing eco-profiling techniques and undertaking scientific studies. Emissions trading may be allowed among pollution sources within an airshed. SEC. 10. Management of Nonattainment Areas.- The Department shall designate areas where specific pollutants have already exceeded ambient standards as nonattainment areas. The Department shall prepare and implement a program that will prohibit new sources of exceeded air pollutant without a corresponding reduction in existing resources. In coordination with other appropriate government agencies, the LGUs shall prepare and implement a program and other measures including relocation, whenever necessary, to protect the health and welfare of residents in the area. For those designated as nonattainment areas, the Department, after consultation with local government authorities, nongovernment organizations (NGOs), people's organizations (POs) and concerned sectors may revise the designation of such areas and expand its coverage to cover larger areas depending on the condition of the areas. SEC. 11 Air Quality Control Techniques - Simultaneous with the issuance of the guideline values and standards, the Department, through the research and development program contained in this Act and upon consultation with appropriate advisory committees, government agencies and LGUs, shall issue, and from time to time, revise information on air pollution control techniques. Such information shall include: a.) Best available technology and alternative methods of prevention, management and control of air pollution; b.) Best available technology economically achievable which shall refer to the technological basis/standards for emission limits applicable to existing, direct industrial emitters of nonconventional and toxic pollutants; and c.) Alternative fuels, processes and operating methods which will result in the eliminator or significant reduction of emissions. Such information may also include data relating to the cost of installation and operation, energy requirements, emission reduction benefits, and environmental impact or the emission control technology. The issuance of air quality guideline values, standards and information on air quality control techniques shall be made available to the general public : Provided, That the issuance of information on air quality control techniques shall not be construed as requiring the purchase of certain pollution control devices by the public. SECTION 12. Ambient Air Quality Guideline Values and Standards.- The Department, in coordination with other concerned agencies, shall review and or revise and publish annually a list of hazardous air pollutants with corresponding ambient guideline values and / or standard necessary to protect health and safety, and general welfare. The initial list and values of the hazardous air pollutants shall be as follows : a.) For National Ambient Air Quality Guideline for Criteria Pollutants : Short Term a Long Term b Pollutants µg/Ncm ppm Averaging Time µg/Ncm ppm Averaging Time Suspended Particulate Matterc-TSP 230d 24 hours 90 -- 1 yeare -PM-10 150f 24 hours 60 -- 1 yeare Sulfur Dioxidec 180 0.07 24 hours 80 0.03 1 year Nitrogen Dioxide 150 0.08 24 hours -- -- -- Photochemical Oxidants 140 0.07 1 hour -- -- --- As Ozone 60 0.03 8 hours -- -- -- Carbon Monoxide 35 30 1 hour -- -- -- mg/Ncm 10 9 8 hours -- -- -- mg/Ncm Leadg 1.5 -- 3 monthsg 1.0 -- 1 year a.Maximum limits represented by ninety-eight percentile (98%) values not to be exceed more than once a year. b. Arithmetic mean c. SO2 and Suspended Particulate matter are sampled once every six days when using the manual methods. A minimum of twelve sampling days per quarter of forty-eight sampling days each year is required for these methods. Daily sampling may be done in the future once continuous analyzers are procured and become available. d. Limits for Total Suspended Particulate Matter with mass median diameter less than 25-50 um. e. Annual Geometric Mean f. Provisional limits for Suspended Particulate Matter with mass median diameter less than 10 microns and below until sufficient monitoring data are gathered to base a proper guideline. g. Evaluation of this guideline is carried out for 24-hour averaging time and averaged over three moving calendar months. The monitored average value for any three months shall not exceed the guideline value. b) For National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Source Specific Air Pollutants from : Industrial Sources/ Operations: Pollutants1 Concentration2 Averaging time (min.) Method of Analysis/ Measurement3 µ/Ncm ppm 1. Ammonia 200 0.28 30 Nesselerization/ Indo Phenol 2. Carbon Disulfide 30 0.01 30 Tischer Method 3. Chlorine and Chlorine Compounds expressed as Cl2 100 0.03 5 Methyl Orange 4. Formaldehyde 50 0.04 30 Chromotropic acid Method or MBTH Colorimetric Method 5. Hydrogen Chloride 200 0.13 30 Volhard Titration with Iodine Solution 6. Hydrogen Sulfide 100 0.07 30 Methylene Blue 7. Lead 20 30 AASc 8. Nitrogen Dioxide 375,260 0.20,0.14 30,60 Greiss- Saltzman 9. Phenol 100 0.03 30 4-Aminoantiphyrine 10. Sulfur Dioxide 470, 340 0.18, 0.13 30,60 Colorimetric-Pararosaniline 11. Suspended Particulate Matter-TSP 300 -- 60 Gravimetric 1 Pertinent ambient standards for Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Asbestos, Nitric Acid and Sulfuric Acid Mists in the 1978 NPCC Rules and Regulations may be considered as guides in determining compliance. 2 Ninety- eight percentile (98%) values of 30-minute sampling measured at 250C and one atmosphere pressure. 3 Other equivalent methods approved by the Department may be used. The basis in setting up the ambient air quality guideline values and standards shall reflect, among others, the latest scientific knowledge including information on : a) Variable, including atmospheric conditions, which of themselves or in combination with other factors may alter the effects on public health or welfare of such air pollutant; b) The other types of air pollutants which may interact with such pollutant to produce an adverse effect on public health or welfare; and c) The kind and extent of all identifiable effects on public health or welfare which may be expected from presence of such pollutant in the ambient air, in varying quantities. The Department shall base such ambient air quality standards on World Health Organization (WHO) standards, but shall not be limited to nor be less stringent than such standards. SEC. 13. Emission Charge System. - The Department, in case of industrial dischargers, and the Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC), in case of motor vehicle dischargers, shall, based on environmental techniques, design, impose on and collect regular emission fees from said dischargers as part of the emission permitting system or vehicle registration renewal system, as the case may be. The system shall encourage the industries and motor vehicles to abate, reduce, or prevent pollution. The basis of the fees include, but is not limited to, the volume and toxicity of any emitted pollutant. Industries, which shall install pollution control devices or retrofit their existing facilities with mechanisms that reduce pollution shall be entitled to tax incentives such as but not limited total credits and/or accelerated depreciation deductions. SEC. 14 Air Quality Management Fund. - An Air Quality Management Fund to be administered by the Department as a special account in the National Treasury is hereby established to finance containment, removal, and clean-up operations of the Government in air pollution cases, guarantee restoration of ecosystems and rehabilitate areas affected by the acts of violators of this Act, to support research, enforcement and monitoring activities and capabilities of the relevant agencies, as well as to provide technical assistance to the relevant agencies. Such fund may likewise be allocated per airshed for the undertakings herein stated. The Fund shall be sourced from the fines imposed and damages awarded to the Republic of the Philippines by the Pollution Adjudication Board (PAB), proceeds of licenses and permits issued by the Department under this Act, emission fees and from donations, endowments and grants in the forms of contributions. Contributions to the Fund shall be exempted from donor taxes and all other taxes, charges or fees imposed by the Government. SEC. 15. Air Pollution Research and Development Program. - The Department, in coordination with the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), other agencies, the private sector, the academe, NGO's and PO's, shall establish a National Research and Development Program for the prevention and control of air pollution. The Department shall give special emphasis to research on and the development of improved methods having industry-wide application for the prevention and control of air pollution. Such a research and development program shall develop air quality guideline values and standards in addition to internationally-accepted standards. It shall also consider the socio-cultural, political and economic implications of air quality management and pollution control. ARTICLE TWO Air Pollution Clearances and Permits for Stationary Sources Sec. 16. Permits. Consistent with the provisions of this Act, the Department shall have the authority to issue permits as it may determine necessary for the prevention and abatement of air pollution. Said permits shall cover emission limitations for the regulated air pollutants to help attain and maintain the ambient air quality standards. These permits shall serve as management tools for the LGUs in the development of their action plan. SEC. 17 Emission Quotas. The Department may allow each regional industrial center that is designated as special airshed to allocate emission quotas to pollution sources within its jurisdiction that qualify under an environmental impact assessment system programmatic compliance program pursuant to the implementing rules and regulations of Presidential Decree No. 1586. SEC. 18. Financial Liability for Environmental Rehabilitation. As Part of the environmental management plan attached to the environmental compliance certificate pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 1586 and rules and regulations set therefore, the Department shall require program and project proponents to put up financial guarantee mechanisms to finance the needs for emergency response, clean-up rehabilitation of areas that may be damaged during the program or project's actual implementation. Liability for damages shall continue even after the termination of a program or project, where such damages are clearly attributable to that program or project and for a definite period to be determined by the Department and incorporated into the environmental compliance certificate. Financial liability instruments may be in the form a trust fund, environmental insurance, surety bonds, letters of credit, as well as self-insurance. The choice of the guarantee instruments shall furnish the Department with evidence of availment of such instruments. ARTICLE THREE Pollution from Stationary Sources SEC. 19. Pollution From Stationary Sources.- The Department shall, within two (2) years from the effectivity of this Act, and every two (2) years thereafter, review, or as the need therefore arises, revise and publish emission standards, to further improve the emission standards for stationary sources of air pollution. Such emission standards shall be based on mass rate of emission for all stationary source of air pollution based on internationally accepted standards, but not be limited to, nor be less stringent than such standards and with the standards set forth in this section. The standards, whichever is applicable, shall be the limit on the acceptable level of pollutants emitted from a stationary source for the protection of the public's health and welfare. With respect to any trade, industry, process and fuel-burning equipment or industrial plant emitting air pollutants, the concentration at the point of emission shall not exceed the following limits: Pollutants Standard Applicable to Source Maximum Permissible Limits (mg/Ncm) Method of Analysisa 1. Antimony and Its compounds any source 10 as Sb AASb 2. Arsenic and its compounds Any source 10 as As AASb 3. Cadmium and its compounds Any source 10 as Cd AASb 4. Carbon Monoxide Any industrial Source 500 as CO Orsat analysis 5. Copper and its Compounds Any industrial source 100 ax Cu AASb 6. Hydrofluoric Acids and Fluoride compounds Any source other than the manufacture of Aluminum from Alumina 50 as HF Titration with Ammonium Thiocyanate 7. Hydrogen Sulfide i) Geothermal Power Plants c.d Cadmium Sulfide Method ii) Geothermal Exploration and well-testing e iii) Any source other than (i) and (ii) 7 as H2S Cadmium Sulfide Method 8. Lead Any trade, industry or process 10 as Pb AASb 9. Mercury Any Source 5 as elemental Hg AASb/Cold-Vapor Technique or Hg Analyzer 10. Nickel and its compounds, except Nickel Carbonyl f Any source 20 as Ni AASb 11. NOx i) Manufacture of Nitric Acid 2,000 as acid and NOx and calculated as NO2 Phenol-disulfonic acid Method ii) Fuel burning steam generators Phenol-disulfonic acid Method Existing Source 1,500 as NO2 New Source • Coal-Fired 1,000 as NO2 • Oil-Fired 500 as NO2 iii) Any source other than (i) adn (ii) Phenol-disulfonic acid Method Existing Source 1000 as NO2 New Source 500 as NO2 12. Phosphorus Pentoxideg Any source 200 as P2O5 Spectrophotometry 13. Zinc and its Compounds Any source 100 as Zn AASb a Other equivalent methods approved by the Department may be used. b Atomic Absorption Specttrophotometry c All new geothermal power plants starting construction by 01 January 1995 shall control HsS emissions to not more than 150 g/GMW-Hr d All existing geothermal power plants shall control HsS emissions to not more than 200 g/GMW-Hr within 5 years from the date of effectivity of these revised regulations. e Best practicable control technology for air emissions and liquid discharges. Compliance with air and water quality standards is required. f Emission limit of Nickel Carbonyl shall not exceed 0.5 mg/Ncm. g Provisional Guideline Provided, that the maximum limits in mg/ncm particulates in said sources shall be : 1. Fuel Burning Equipment a) Urban or Industrial Area 150 mg/Ncm b) Other Area 200 mg/Ncm 2. Cement Plants (Kilns, etc.) 150 mg/Ncm 3. Smelting Furnaces 150 mg/Ncm 4. Other Stationary Sourcesa 200 mg/Ncm a Other Stationary Sources means a trade, process, industrial plant, or fuel burning equipment other than thermal power plants, industrial boilers, cement plants, incinerators and smelting furnaces. Provided, further, that the maximum limits for sulfur oxides in said sources shall be : (1) Existing Sources (i) Manufacture of Sulfuric Acid and Sulf(on)ation Process 2.0gm.Ncm as SO3 (ii) Fuel burning Equipment 1.5gm.Ncm as SO2 (iii) Other Stationary Sourcesa 1.0gm.Ncm as SO3 (2) New Sources (i) Manufacture of Sulfuric Acid and Sulf(on)ation Process 1.5 gm.Ncm as SO3 (ii) Fuel Burning Equipment 0.7 gm.Ncm as SO2 (iii) Other Stationary Sourcesa 0.2 gm.Ncm as SO3 a Other Stationary Sources refer to existing and new stationary sources other than those caused by the manufacture of sulfuric acid and sulfonation process, fuel burning equipment and incineration. For Stationary sources of pollution not specifically included in the immediately preceding paragraph, the following emission standards shall not be exceeded in the exhaust gas : I. Daily And Half Hourly Average Values Daily Average Values Half Hourly Average Values Total dust 10 mg/m3 30 mg/m3 Gaseous and vaporous organic substances, expressed as total organic carbon 10 mg/m3 20 mg/m3 Hydrogen chloride (HCl) 10 mg/m3 60 mg/m3 Hydrogen fluoride (HF) 1 mg/m3 4 mg/m3 Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 50 mg/m3 200 mg/m3 Nitrogen monoxide (NO) and Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), expressed as nitrogen dioxide for incineration plants with a capacity exceeding 3 tonnes per hour 200 mg/m3 400 mg/m3 Nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), expressed as nitrogen dioxide for incineration plants with a capacity of 3 tonnes per hour or less 300 mg/m3 Ammonia 10 mg/m3 20 mg/m3 II. All the Average Values over the Sample Period of a Minimum of 4 and Maximum of 8 Hours. Cadmium and its compounds, expressed as cadmium (Cd) total 0.05 Thallium and its compounds, expressed as thallium (Tl) mg/m3 Mercury and its Compounds, expressed as mercury (Hg) 0.05 mg/m3 Antimony and its compounds, expressed as antimony (Sb) Arsenic and its compounds, expressed as arsenic (As) total 0.5 mg/m3 Lead and its compounds, expressed as lead ( Pb) Chromium and its compounds, expressed as chromium (Cr) Cobalt and its compounds, expressed as cobalt (Co) Copper and its compounds, expressed as copper (Cu) Manganese and its compounds, expressed as manganese (Mn) Nickel and its compounds, expressed as nickel (Ni) Vanadium and its compounds, expressed as vanadium (V) Tin and its compounds, expressed as tin (Sn) These average value cover also gaseous and the vapor forms of the relevant heavy metal emission as well as their compounds. Provided, that the emission of dioxins and furans into the air shall be reduced by the most progressive techniques. Provided, further that all average of dioxin and furans measured over the sample period of a minimum of 5 hours and maximum of 8 hours must not exceed the limit value of 0.1 nanogram/m3. Pursuant to Sec. 8 of this Act, the Department shall prepare a detailed action plan setting the emission standards or standards of performance for any stationary source the procedure for testing emissions for each type of pollutant, and the procedure for enforcement of said standards. Existing industries, which are proven to exceed emission rates established by the Department in consultation with stakeholders, after a thorough, credible and transparent measurement process shall be allowed a grace period of eighteen (18) months for the establishment of an environmental management system and the installation of an appropriate air pollution control device : Provided, That an extension of not more than twelve (12) months may be allowed by the Department on meritorious grounds. SEC. 20 Ban on Incineration.- Incineration , hereby defined as the burning of municipal, biomedical and hazardous waste, which process emits poisonous and toxic fumes is hereby prohibited; Provided, however, That the prohibition shall not apply to traditional small-scale method of community/neighborhood sanitation "siga", traditional, agricultural, cultural, health, and food preparation and crematoria; Provided, further, That existing incinerators dealing with a biomedical wastes shall be out within three (3) years after the effectivity of this Act; Provided, finally, that in the interim, such units shall be limited to the burning of pathological and infectious wastes, and subject to close monitoring by the Department. Local government units are hereby mandated to promote, encourage and implement in their respective jurisdiction a comprehensive ecological waste management that includes waste segregation, recycling and composting. With due concern on the effects of climate change, the Department shall promote the use of state-of-the-art, environmentally-sound and safe non-burn technologies for the handling, treatment, thermal destruction, utilization, and disposal of sorted, unrecycled, uncomposted, biomedical and hazardous wastes. ARTICLE FOUR Pollution from Motor Vehicles Sec. 21. Pollution from Motor Vehicles. a) The DOTC shall implement the emission standards for motor vehicles set pursuant to and as provided in this Act. To further improve the emission standards, the Department shall review, revise and publish the standards every two (2) years, or as the need arises. It shall consider the maximum limits for all major pollutants to ensure substantial improvement in air quality for the health, safety and welfare of the general public. The following emission standards for type approval of motor vehicles shall be effective by the year 2003: a.) For light duty vehicles, the exhausts emission limits for gaseous pollutants shall be: Emission Limits for Light Duty Vehicles Type Approval (Directive 91/441/EEC) CO (g/km) HC + NOx (g/km) PMa (g/km) 2.72 0.97 0.14 a for compression-ignition engines only b) For light commercial vehicles, the exhaust emission limit of gaseous pollutants as a function of the given reference mass shall be : Reference Weight (RW) (kg) CO (g/km) HC + NOx (g/km) PMa (g/km) Category 1 1250< RW 2.72 0.97 0.14 Category 2 1250< RW<1700 5.17 1.4 0.19 Category 3 RW>1700 6.9 1.7 0.25 a for compression-ignition engines only c.) For heavy duty vehicles, the exhaust emission limits of gaseous pollutants shall be : Emission Limits for Heavy Duty Vehicles Type Approval (Directive 91/542/EEC) CO (g/k/Wh) HC (g/k/Wh) NOx (g/k/Wh) PM (g/k/Wh) 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36a a In the case of engines of 85 kW or less, the limit value for particular emissions in increased by multiplying the quoted limit by a coefficient of 1.7 Fuel evaporative emission for spark-ignition engines shall not exceed 2.0 grams hydrocarbons per test. Likewise, it shall not allow any emission of gases from crankcase ventilation system into the atmosphere. b.) The Department, in collaboration with the DOTC, DTI and LGUs, shall develop an action plan for the control and management of air pollution from motor vehicles consistent with the Integrated Air Quality Framework. The DOTC shall enforce compliance with the emission standards for motor vehicles set by the Department. The DOTC may deputize other law enforcement agencies and LGUs for this purpose. To this end, the DOTC shall have the power to : (1) Inspect and monitor the emissions of motor vehicles ; (2) Prohibit or enjoin the use of motor vehicles or a class of motor vehicles in any area or street at specified times; and (3) Authorize private testing emission testing centers duly accredited by the DTI. c.) The DOTC, together with the DTI and the Department, shall establish the procedures for the inspection of motor vehicles and the testing of their emissions for the purpose of determining the concentration and/or rate of pollutants discharged by said sources. d.) In order to ensure the substantial reduction of emissions from a motor vehicles, the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), together with the DOTC and the Department shall formulate and implement a national motor vehicle inspection and maintenance program that will promote efficient and safe operation of all motor vehicles. In this regard, the DTI shall develop and implement standards and procedures for the certification of training institutions, instructors and facilities and the licensing of qualified private service centers and their technicians as prerequisite for performing the testing, servicing, repair and the required adjustment to the vehicle emission system. The DTI shall likewise prescribe regulations requiring the disclosure of odometer readings and the use of tamper-resistant odometers for all motor vehicles including tamper-resistant fuel management systems for the effective implementation of the inspection and maintenance program. SEC. 22 Regulation of All Motor Vehicles and Engines. Any imported new or locally-assembled new motor vehicle shall not be registered unless it complies with the emission standards set pursuant to this Act, as evidenced by a Certificate of Conformity (COC) issued by the Department. Any imported new motor vehicle engine shall not be introduced into commerce, sold or used unless it complies with emission standards set pursuant to this Act. Any imported used motor vehicle or rebuilt motor vehicle using new or used engines, major parts or components shall not be registered unless it complies with the emission standards. In case of non-compliance, the importer or consignee may be allowed to modify or rebuild the vehicular engine so it will be in compliance with applicable emission standards. No motor vehicle registration (MVR) shall be issued unless such motor vehicle passes the emission testing requirement promulgated in accordance with this Act. Such testing shall be conducted by the DOTC or its authorized inspection centers within sixty (60) days prior to date of registration. The DTI shall promulgate the necessary regulations prescribing the useful life of vehicles and engines including devices in order to ensure that such vehicles will conform to the emissions which they were certified to meet. These regulations shall include provisions for ensuring the durability of emission devices. SEC. 23. Second-Hand Motor Vehicle Engines. Any imported second-hand motor vehicle engine shall not be introduced into commerce, sold or used unless it complies with emission standards set pursuant to this Act. ARTICLE FIVE- Pollution from Other Sources SEC. 24 Pollution from smoking. Smoking inside a public building or an enclosed public place including public vehicles and other means of transport or in any enclosed area outside of one's private residence, private place of work or any duly designated smoking area is hereby prohibited under this Act. This provision shall be implemented by the LGUs. SEC. 25. Pollution from other Mobile Sources. The Department, in coordination with appropriate agencies, shall formulate and establish the necessary standards for all mobile sources other than those referred to in Sec. 21 of this Act. The imposition of the appropriate fines and penalties from these sources for any violation of emission standards shall be under the jurisdiction of the DOTC. CHAPTER 3 FUELS, ADDITIVES, SUBSTANCES AND POLLUTANTS Article One- Fuels, Additives and Substances SEC. 26 Fuels and Additives. Pursuant to the Air Quality Framework to be established under Section 7 of this Act, the Department of Energy (DOE), co-chaired by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), in consultation with the Bureau of Product Standards (BPS) of the DTI, the DOST, the representatives of the fuel and automotive industries, academe and the consumers shall set the specifications for all types of fuel and fuel-related products, to improve fuel composition for increased efficiency and reduced emissions; Provided, however, that the specifications for all types of fuel and fuel-related products set-forth pursuant to this section shall be adopted by the BPS as Philippine National Standards (PNS). The DOE, shall also specify the allowable content of additives in all types of fuels and fuel-related products. Such standards shall be based primarily on threshold levels of health and research studies. On the basis of such specifications, the DOE shall likewise limit the content or begin that phase-out of additives in all types of fuels and fuel-related products as it may deem necessary. Other agencies involved in the performance of this function shall be required to coordinate with the DOE and transfer all documents and information necessary for the implementation of this provision. Consistent with the provisions of the preceding paragraphs under this section, it is declared that : a. not later than eighteen (18) months after the effectivity of this Act, no person shall manufacture, import, sell, supply, offer for sale, dispense, transport or introduce into commerce unleaded premium gasoline fuel which has an anti-knock index (AKI) of not less that 87.5 and Reid vapor pressure of not more than 9 psi. Within six (6) months after the effectivity of this Act, unleaded gasoline fuel shall contain aromatics not to exceed forty-five percent (45%) by volume and benzene not to exceed four percent (4%) by volume; Provided, that by year 2003, unleaded gasoline fuel should contain aromatics not to exceed thirty-five percent (35%) by volume and benzene not to exceed two percent (2%) by volume; b. not later than eighteen (18) months after the effectivity of this Act, no person shall manufacture, import, sell, supply , offer for sale, dispense, transport or introduce into commerce automotive diesel fuel which contains a concentration of sulfur in excess of 0.20% by weight with a cetane number of index of not less than forty-eight (48); Provided, That by year 2004, content of said sulfur shall be 0.05% by weight ; and c. not later than eighteen (18) months after the effectivity of this Act, no Person shall manufacture, import, sell, supply, offer for sale, dispense, transport or introduce into commerce industrial diesel fuel which contains a concentration of sulfur in excess of 0.30% (by weight). Every two (2) years thereafter or as the need arises, the specifications of unleaded gasoline and of automotive and industrial diesel fuels shall be reviewed and revised for further improvement in formulation and in accordance with the provisions of this Act. The fuels characterized above shall be commercially available. Likewise, the same shall be the reference fuels for emission and testing procedures to be established in accordance with the provisions of this Act. Any proposed additive shall not in any way increase emissions of any of the regulated gases which shall include, but not limited to carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and oxides of nitrogen and particulate matter, in order to be approved and certified by the Department. SEC. 27. Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives.- The DOE, in coordination with the Department and the BPS, shall regulate the use of any fuel or fuel additive. No manufacturer, processor or trader of any fuel or additive may import, sell, offer for sale, or introduce into commerce such fuel for additive unless the same has been registered with the DOE. Prior to registration, the manufacturer, processor or trader shall provide the DOE with the following relevant information: a. Product identity and composition to determine the potential health effects of such fuel additives; b. Description of the analytical technique that can be used to detect and measure the additive in any fuel ; c. Recommended range of concentration; and d. Purpose in the use of the fuel and additive. SEC. 28 Misfueling. In order to prevent the disabling of any emission control device by lead contamination, no person shall introduce or cause or allow the introduction of leaded gasoline into any motor vehicle equipped with a gasoline tank filler inlet and labeled " unleaded gasoline only ". This prohibition shall also apply to any person who knows or should know that such vehicle is designed solely for the use of unleaded gasoline. SEC. 29. Prohibition on Manufacture. Import and Sale of leaded Gasoline and of Engines and/or Components Requiring Leaded Gasoline. Effective not later than eighteen (18) months after the enactment of this Act, no person shall manufacture, import, sell, offer for sale, introduce into commerce, convey or otherwise dispose of , in any manner leaded gasoline and engines and components requiring the use of leaded gasoline. For existing vehicles, the DTI shall formulate standards and procedures that will allow non-conforming engines to comply with the use of unleaded fuel within five(5) years after the effectivity of this Act. Article Two Other Pollutants SEC. 30. Ozone-Depleting Substances. Consistent with the terms and conditions of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer and other international agreements and protocols to which the Philippines is a signatory, the Department shall phase out ozone-depleting substances. Within sixty (60) days after the enactment of this Act, the Department shall publish a list of substances which are known to cause harmful effects on the stratospheric ozone layer. SEC. 31. Greenhouse Gases. The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Service Administration (PAGASA) shall regularly monitor meteorological factors affecting environmental conditions including ozone depletion and greenhouse gases and coordinate with the Department in order to effectively guide air pollution monitoring and standard-setting activities. The Department, together with concerned agencies and local government units, shall prepare and fully implement a national plan consistent with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and other international agreements, conventions and protocols on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the country. SEC. 32. Persistent Organic Pollutants. The Department shall, within a period of two (2) years after the enactment of this Act, establish an inventory list of all sources of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in the Country. The Department shall develop short-term and long-term national government programs on the reduction and elimination of POPs such as dioxins and furans. Such programs shall be formulated within a year after the establishment of the inventory list. SEC. 33. Radioactive Emissions. All projects which will involve the use of atomic and/or nuclear energy, and will entail release and emission of radioactive substances into the environment, incident to the establishment or possession of nuclear energy facilities and radioactive materials, handling, transport, production, storage, and use of radioactive materials, shall be regulated in the interest of public health and welfare by the Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI), in coordination with Department and other appropriate government agencies. CHAPTER 4 INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM SEC. 34. Lead Agency.- The Department, unless otherwise provided herein, shall be the primary government agency responsible for the implementation and enforcement of this Act. To be more effective in this regard, The Department's Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) shall be converted from a staff bureau to a line bureau for a period of no more than two (2) years, unless a separate, comprehensive environmental management agency is created. SEC. 35 Linkage Mechanism. - The Department shall consult, participate, cooperate and enter into agreement with other government agencies, or with affected non-governmental (NGOs) or people's organizations (POs),or private enterprises in the furtherance of the objectives of this Act. SEC. 36. Role of Local Government Units.- Local Government units (LGUs) shall share the responsibility in the management and maintenance of air quality within their territorial jurisdiction. Consistent with Secs. 7,8 and 9 of this Act, LGUs shall implement air quality standards set by the Board in areas within their jurisdiction; Provided, however, that in case where the board has not been duly constituted and has not promulgated its standards, the standards set forth in this Act shall apply. The Department shall provide the LGUs with technical assistance, trainings and a continuing capability-building program to prepare them to undertake full administration of the air quality management and regulation within their territorial jurisdiction. SEC. 37 Environmental and Natural Resources Office.- There may be established an Environment and Natural Resources Office in every province, city, or municipality which shall be headed by the environment and natural resources officer and shall be appointed by the Chief Executive of every province, city or municipality in accordance with the provisions of Section 484 of Republic Act No. 7160. Its powers and duties, among others, are : a. To prepare comprehensive air quality management programs, plans and strategies within the limits set forth in Republic act. No. 7160 and this Act which shall be implemented within its territorial jurisdiction upon the approval of the sanggunian ; b. To provide technical assistance and support to the governor or mayor, as the case may be, in carrying out measures to ensure the delivery of basic services and the provision of adequate facilities relative to air quality; c. To take the lead in all efforts concerning air quality protection and rehabilitation; d. To recommend to the Board air quality standards which shall not exceed the maximum permissible standards set by rational laws ; e. To coordinate with other government agencies and non-governmental organizations in the implementation of measures to prevent and control air pollution; and f. Exercise such other powers and perform such duties and functions as may be prescribed by law or ordinance. Provided, however, that, in provinces/cities/municipalities where there are no environment and natural resources officers, the local executive concerned may designate any of his official and/ or chief of office preferably the provincial, city or municipal agriculturist, or any of his employee; Provided, finally, that in case an employee is designated as such, he must have a sufficient experience in environmental and natural resources management, conservation and utilization. SEC. 38 Record-keeping, Inspection, Monitoring and Entry by the Department.- The Department or its duly accredited entity shall, after proper consultation and notice, require any person who owns or operates any emissions source or who is subject to any requirement of this Act to : (a) establish and maintain relevant records; (b) make relevant reports; (c) install, use and maintain monitoring equipment or methods; (d) sample emission, in accordance with the methods, locations, intervals and manner prescribed by the Department; (e) keep records on control equipment parameters, production variables or other indirect data when direct monitoring of emissions is impractical; and (f) provide such other information as the Department may reasonably require. Pursuant to this Act, the Department, through its authorized representatives, shall have the right of : (a) entry of access to any premises including documents and relevant materials as referred to in the herein preceding paragraph, b) inspect any pollution or waste source, control device, monitoring equipment or method required, and c) test any emission. Any record, report or information obtained under this section shall be made available to the public, except upon a satisfactory showing to the Department by the entity concerned that the record, report or information, or parts thereof, if made public, would divulge secret methods or processes entitled to protection as intellectual property. Such record, report or information shall likewise be incorporated in the Department's industrial rating system. SEC. 39. Public Education and Information Campaign.- A continuing air quality information and education campaign shall promoted by the Department, the Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS), the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG), the Department of Agriculture (DA) and the Philippine Information Agency (PIA). Consistent with Sec. 7 of this Act, such campaign shall encourage the participation of other government agencies and the private sector including NGOs, POs, the academe, environmental groups and other private entities in a multi-sectoral information campaign. CHAPTER 5 ACTIONS SEC. 40 Administrative Action.- Without prejudice to the right of any affected person to file an administrative action , the Department shall, on its own instance or upon verified complaint by any person, institute administrative proceedings against any person who violates: a) Standards or limitation provided under this Act; or b) Any order, rule or regulation issued by the Department with respect to such standard or limitation. SEC. 41. Citizen Suits. for purposes of enforcing the provisions of this Act or its implementing rules and regulations, any citizen may file an appropriate civil, criminal or administrative action in the proper courts against: (a) Any person who violates or fails to comply with the provisions of this Act or its implementing rules and regulations; or (b) The Department or other implementing agencies with respect to orders, rules and regulations issued inconsistent with this act; and/or (c) Any public officer who willfully or grossly neglects the performance of an act specifically enjoined as a duty by this Act or its implementing rules and regulations; or abuses his authority in the performance of his duty; or, in any manner, improperly performs his duties under this Act or its implementing rules and regulations: Provided, however, That no suit can be filed until thirty-day (30) notice has been taken thereon. The court shall exempt such action from the payment of filing fees, except fees for actions not capable of pecuniary estimations, and shall likewise, upon prima facie showing of the non-enforcement or violation complained of, exempt the plaintiff from the filing of an injunction bond for the issuance of a preliminary injunction. Within thirty (30) days, the court shall make a determination if the compliant herein is malicious and/or baseless and shall accordingly dismiss the action and award attorney's fees and damages. SEC .42 . Independence of Action.- The filing of an administrative suit against such person/entity does not preclude the right of any other person to file any criminal or civil action. Such civil action shall proceed independently. SEC. 43 Suits and Strategic Legal Actions Against Public Participation and the Enforcement of this act.- where a suit is brought against a a person who filed an action as provided in Sec. 41 of this Act, or against any person, institutions or government agency that implements this Act, it shall be the duty of the investigating prosecutor or the court, as the case may be, to immediately make a determination not exceeding thirty (30) days whether said legal action has been filed to harass, vex, exert undue pressure or stifle such legal recourses of the person complaining of or enforcing the provisions of this Act. Upon determination thereof , evidence warranting the same, the court shall dismiss the case and award attorney's fees and double damages. This provision shall also apply and benefit public officers who are sued for acts committed in their official capacity, their being no grave abuse of authority, and done in the course of enforcing this Act. SEC. 44 Lien Upon Personal and Immovable Properties of Violators. Fines and penalties imposed pursuant to this Act shall be liens upon personal immovable properties of the violator. Such lien shall, in case of insolvency of the respondent violator , enjoy preference to laborer's wages under Article 2241 and 2242 of Republic Act No. 386, otherwise known as the New Civil Code of the Philippines. CHAPTER 6 FINES AND PENALTIES SEC. 45. Violation of Standards for Stationary Sources. For actual exceedance of any pollution or air quality standards under this Act or its rules and regulations, the Department, through the Pollution Adjudication Board (PAB), shall impose a fine of not more than One hundred thousand pesos ( P 100,000.00) for every day of violation against the owner or operator of a stationary source until such time that the standards have been complied with. For purposes of the application of the fines, the PAB shall prepare a fine rating system to adjust the maximum fine based on the violator's ability to pay, degree of willfulness, degree of negligence, history of noncompliance and degree of recalcitrance. Provided, That in case of negligence, the first time offender's ability to pay may likewise be considered by the Pollution Adjudication Board; Provided, further, That in the absence of any extenuating or aggravating circumstances, the amount of fine for negligence shall be equivalent to one-half of the fine for willful violation. The fines herein prescribed shall be increased by at least ten percent (10%), every three (3) years to compensate for inflation and to maintain the deterrent function of such fines. In addition to the fines, the PAB shall order closure, suspension of development, construction, or operations of the stationary sources until such time that proper environmental safeguards are put in place; Provided, that an establishment liable for a third offense shall suffer permanent closure immediately. This paragraph shall be without prejudice to the immediate issuance of an ex parte order for such closure, suspension of development or construction, or cessation of operations during the pendency of the case upon prima facie evidence that their is imminent threat to life, public health, safety or general welfare, or to plant or animal life, or whenever there is an exceedance of the emission standards set by the Department and/or the Board and/or the appropriate LGU. SEC. 46. Violation of Standards for Motor Vehicles. No motor vehicle shall be registered with the DOTC unless it meets the emission standards set by the Department as provided in Sec. 21 hereof. Any vehicle suspected of violation of emission standards through visual signs, such as, but not limited to smoke-belching, shall be subjected to an emission test by a duly authorized emission testing center. For this purpose, the DOTC or its authorized testing center shall establish a roadside inspection system. Should it be shown that there was no violation of emission standards, the vehicle shall be immediately released. Otherwise, a testing result indicating an exceedance of the emission standards would warrant the continuing custody of the impounded vehicle unless the appropriate penalties are fully paid, and the license plate is surrendered to the DOTC pending the fulfillment of the undertaking by the owner/operator of the motor vehicle to make the necessary repairs so as to comply with the standards. A pass shall herein be issued by the DOTC to authorize the use of the motor vehicle within a specified period that shall not exceed seven (7) days for the sole purpose of making the necessary repairs on the said vehicle. The owner/operator of the vehicle shall be required to correct its defects and show proof of compliance to the appropriate pollution control office before the vehicle can be allowed to be driven on any public or subdivision roads. In addition, the driver and operator of the apprehended vehicle shall undergo a seminar on pollution control managem

Do you think it is hard to own a hangun in my country? Requirements to Possess New/Transfer Firearm (Individual) An individual must be a Filipino citizen, at least 21 years of age, of good moral character and qualified to posses/own a firearm. Application form must be properly accomplished, signed by the applicant and duly notarized. The following forms are to be strictly complied with before submission: Forms to be accomplished Duly accomplishes Firearm License Application (3 copies duly notarized w/ CTC No.) PNP Form No. 2 (Application for Regular License) Information Sheet Affidavit of No-Pending Case Drug Test Gun Safety Seminar with OR Neuro-Psychiatric Test with OR DI/PNP Clearance Police Clearance (Place of Residence) Mayor's Clearance (Place of Residence) Court Clearance (Place of Residence) Ballistics/Stencil Report PNP Form No.12 (Permit to Purchase Firearm and Ammunition) Firearm License Fee (EO256) and Surety Bond Firearm License Card Fee P150.00 Deed of Sale or Affidavit of Transfer (For Transfer Firearm) Three (3) 2x2 and two (2) 1x1 ID pictures with signature Proof of Citizenship for Foreign Sounding names (Birth Certificate, etc.) Other documents required FOR PRIVATE INDIVIDUAL Certificate of Employment Income Tax Return duly notarized by BIR representative FOR PROFESSIONAL Photocopy of PTR for the current year Income Tax Return duly notarized by BIR representatives FOR BUSINESSMAN Business Name Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Statement FOR PROPRIETOR / OVERSEER / ADMINISTRATOR Treasurer's Certificate showing value of agricultural land Income Tax Return duly notarized by BIR representative FOR SENATOR / CONGRESSMAN Appointment Order FOR OFFICIAL / EMPLOYEES OF THE SENATE / CONGRESS / APPOINTIVE OFFICIALS Copy of appointment from the Civil Service FOR PROVINCIAL OFFICIALS / EMPLOYEES Copy of appointment from the Civil Service or Oath of Office FOR SENIOR CITIZEN Letter request addressed to C,PNP (Attn: C,FED) Proof or document showing that applicant is under actual threat or his life is in imminent danger Xeroxed copy of renewed Firearm License Xeroxed copy of expired permit (for Renewal) Medical Certificate - attesting to the applicant is fit to possess, handle and carry firearm Senior Citizen's ID Card PTCFOR ID Card Fee - P150.00 FOR AFP / PNP / BJMP PERSONNEL Latest Enlistment/Re-enlistment/Appointment/Absorption Order for those in Active Service or Retirement Order for Retirees

Is this the cure for Autism? Thanks everyone for responding to my question. I saw the lady again and she swears that her grandson was cured by this Dr Leong guy. Here is the info from the net that i collected on Dr Leong Tole Center. What do you all think about this? AUTISM, AUTISTIC, ADHD, ADD, Coma Brain Damage, Special Autistic Kids Treatment Cure By our Master Tole . These Autism , Epilepsy, coma, brain damage etc has been on our research and treatment top list from 1984 . Master Tole practices the complete Ancient Chinese Way of THE TOLE'S WAY OF MEDICATIONS in the modern Autism Treatment Cure -since 1984 for Autism. Each Autistic kids are not the same, different in a few or more conditions and also recovery condition , also lever and rate of recovery. (8)Autistic Kids. 1. Autistic Kids Disorder Autistic Kids symptoms: (A) total of six (or more) items from (1), (2), and (3), with at least two from (1), and one each from (2) and (3): 1. Autism Autistic Kids qualitative impairment in social interaction, as manifested by at least two of the following: (a) Impairment in the use of multiple non-verbal behaviors such as eye-to-eye gaze, facial expression, body postures, and gestures to regulate social interaction (b) failure to developed relationships appropriate to developmental level (c) a lack of spontaneous seeking to share enjoyment, interests, or achievements with other people (e.g., by a lack of showing, bringing, or pointing out objects of interest) (d) lack of social or emotional response 2. Autism qualitative impairments in communication as manifested by at least one of the following: (a) delay in, or total lack of, the development of spoken language (not accompanied by an attempt to compensate through alternative modes of communication such as gestures or mime) (b) without adequate speech, marked impairment by in the ability to initiate or sustain a conversation with others (c) repetitive use of language or words or phases (d) lack of varied, spontaneous make-believe play or social imitative play appropriate to developmental level 3. Autism restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities, as manifested by at least one of the following: (a) autism encompassing preoccupation with one or more stereotyped patterns of interest that is abnormal either in intensity or focus (b) autism apparently inflexible adherence to specific, nonfunctional routines or rituals (c) stereotyped and repetitive motor mannerisms (e.g., hand or finger flapping or twisting, or complex whole-body movements or with an object) (d) autism persistent of liking an object, movements with sound. (B) Delays or abnormal functioning in at least one of the following areas, with onset around 2 and half of age to 3 and half years old: (1) social interaction, (2) language as used in social communication, or (3) symbolic or imaginative play (playing or talking some form of outer space words or cartoon's words or play). Symptoms of Asperser's include: impaired ability to utilize social cues such as body language, irony, or other subtext of communication; restricted eye contact and socialization; limited range of encyclopedic interests; preservative, odd behaviors; didactic, verbose, monotone, droning voice; concrete thinking; over-sensitivity to certain stimuli; and unusual movements. All these are the symptom of autism and we have the treatment for all these problem. You have to spend enough time for the intensive treatment in order to get good result, it varies from 1 month to 6 months or more for intensive treatment (remedies, remedy). Some of the Autistic kids that is difficult to get near to 100 % cure is that they started late on themselves more then 11 years old for some, and others are too stubborn, but we still gets major improvement about 80-90% or so until they can get easy living in their life. We have long distance friends that cannot come over for intensive treatment with us yet just with our THE TOLE'S SPECIAL herbal medicine powder and our advise of do's and don'ts gets tremendous improvement!!! So not to worry, we can get you your kid a special do's and dont's and other special advise on to how to treats them from stage to stage of improvement. We will be in contact with the e-mail and phone during your kids treatment. The True Story From Korea Joe is 8 years old an Autistic Kid from Korea. Even though Korea recognized acupuncture and Joe's grand father is the top acupuncture physician there, he can't help. Others specialist can not do much for remedy. Being a father of an autistic kid, his father has a lot of pressure and looking for answer desperately. There finally came to see our MASTER LEONG through high recommendation from a friend. When he first came into our centre everyone in the premise had a shock from his 'super-hyper active behavior'.Jumping and screaming all over the place and zero communication and eyes contact. He is in his own world, very scared and frustrated, until he hits himself on the head continuous for about 10 mins to 30 mins. Master Leong applied Qi Qong and acupuncture treatment to calmed him down. According to Master Leong it is his brain's Qi is not moving smoothly . He calm down after 30 minutes ,then had another session of Qi Qong and acupuncture after one hour. 3 days of treatment went by and they can see that Joe can respond to instruction from his father and has some eyes contact. They went back to Korea because his father has only 3 days of lift from work, but he book for the second visit that is after six months. He took 6 months of herbal medication ( 168 TOLE'S SPECIAL BRAIN'S POWDER )home and a list of do's and done's . After 6 months they came for 30 days of treatment. We saw a lot of different from 6 months back when they first visit us. The father is so happy and told us he have finally found the right place for his son Joe. He said all his relative in Korea said he has improved a lot since he took our treatment and special brain's powder. For the 30 days here everyday he has 2 session of treatment, that is 60 treatments in total. We can see him improving everyday and in the end of the treatment he was about 80% !!! recovered. They have to go home now and promise to come in 12 months time. This time he took 12 months of medication (Tole's Brain's powder) with him. The 3rd visit comes, he was almost 100% recovered!!! when we see him. Still we give him the same treatment for 30 days. In the end of this trip he is quit confident and normal in most of his activities. They went home with a HAPPY HEART !!! NO MORE MEDICINE, WORRY, STRESS, FRUSTRATION, SLEEPLESS NIGHT. This article is written by Miss S.Y. Chong our top student 1995, her practical 3 years assignment in our medical centre. Words from our top student, Miss Chong S.Y. I hope all the special kids can get well and live a normal life. Best wishes. Case 2- True Story Name : Zi Ran Sex : Male Age : 4 Complain : Doctor has been authenticating that he has autistic since 1 year old. His families already tried all kinds of treatment and therapies to get him out from autism. Others specialist cannot do much for remedy. Being parents of an autistic kid, their parents have a lot of pressure and looking for treatment desperately. They say that their son has no eye-to-eye gaze, facial expression, body postures and gestures to regulate social interaction. He cannot share his interest and enjoyment with anybody even his sister and his parents. He cannot make a conversation with others and only make a noise sound, not even a single word from him. He is totally in his own world and don't care about anything that happen around him. Sometimes he will repeat his behavior or interest. He cannot focus on one thing and always scream and throw tantrum if he didn't get what he want or when things does not happen the usual way. Finally one of their friends has known about Master Leong from one of his colleague and he also heard that Master Leong is a successful traditional Master , being the Master in acupuncture and the Top Chinese Physician in this part of the world. Has been treating many autistic kids ,The friend said during his own treatment in the medical center he saw many autistic kids improved. They agreed to meet Master Leong and ask him to do Neuro Acupuncture and THE TOLE'S herbal medicine treatment to their son. After making an appointment they meet Master Leong at The Tole Acupuncture & Herbal Medical Centre Sdn. Bhd. They told everything about Zi Ran. Master Leong has treated many autistic kids before and he knows what Zi Ran condition. Acupuncture: Master Leong applied THE TOLE'S NEURO QI GONG AND ACUPUNCTURE to calmed him down. Master Leong told them that Qi energy in Zi Ran brain not moving smoothly. Master Leong will let the energy move smoothly and keep it balancing back to normal. He calm down after 30 minutes treatment and continue it until one hour for first session. He cannot stay in one place, he also disturb every kids who play their toy and he screams if they didn't let him play. Even when the parents try to stop him it was difficult. They try biting him really hard but it did not work he still wants to have his way and disturb others. He still continues doing acupuncture and after 3 days of acupuncture he shows a great improvement. His eyes contact has improve and he can see his mother eyes more than 10 seconds. He responds to his father when his father calls his name. Conclusion: He still continuing doing acupuncture and take medication (The Tole's Brain Powder). After a few months doing THE TOLE'S NEURO Acupuncture, all people around him keep saying that he has been improving everyday and now time he was 80% recovered. Now his eyes contact are perfect, he can make facial expression and his body posture and gestures are improve. No un-meaningful screaming from his mouth anymore and he can SPEAK like normal kids. That was impressed anybody (all the regular patients) who see him. They were surprised for him because he started with "0" communication "0" eyes contact in his own world and always scream whenever he cannot get his own way and severe Autism but now can communicate and answer the question back and play normally very charming all the time with others. He also can share interest and enjoyment with other people. His super hyperactive behavior also change and now he is smarter and love to study. He is excellent in Mathematics and love to do his school homework. He can focus in whatever he does now and he is not in his world anymore. He is almost 100% recovered! When we see him. He still continue the same treatment to build up his confident to begin a normal life like other kids. Finally their parents found the miracle touch from Master Leong, traditional doctors and physician. They are very happy on what have he done and their son life totally change after they met Master Leong. His families and other people were happy with her improvement and condition right now. They were very happy with new reborn of Zi Ran. And give the whole family joy and happiness that could not be found with Zi Ran's old self. Autistic Case 3 - True Story Name : Zhong Yu of KL . Cannot talk, no eye contact, cannot stop running around, very bad behavior , Hyper active, cannot accept NO for an answer and many others , but love music very much must buy CD's of a few singers and hold them in his hands all the time and at times he will give you a few rhythm of the sound he likes, never understand a thing of this world or instructions or happenings but only his few CD's. After 3 months of treatment he could talk and react to his name and calls, after 9 months more he could go to a normal school . Autism Cure Case 4- True Story Name : Wlison of KL ,Age 5 . Seriously Heavy Autism- No speech, cannot go out of his home otherwise the parent has to carry him tide for hours even, very scare of all things, very hyperactive at home ,very aggressive behavior, no eye contact, jumping up and down all the time, don't understand any things or words in this world, all in his own Autism world. It took a long time to get him all out of his own Autism world, 12 months . Daily with our Autism Neuro Acupuncture and Herbal Brain Powder. Now his mother call up and said he has got the best performance awarded in his school, sharing her joy with us all, and really out of Autism. Autism Cure Case 5- True Story Name : Kai Zhee of Johor. total cured. No eye contact, very hyperactive, don't understand a thing in this world, no reaction to very loud sound or very dangerous situations, he ran towards fast driving cars from opposite direction many time, parents and relatives think he was blind and deaf, one of the very bad case. After 6 months of treatment now he can take his younger brother to school in public transport ( school bus) and has a perfect life and good school results and take care of his brothers homework (teaching). The parents calls now and again, and also brings in new autistic kids to our centre. Case 6- True Story Name : Many More to be written from our past history patients, soon Many has 3 in one conditions which is Autism, Epilepsy and Brain Damage also possible to get recovery. There are many research on Autism but none of them has much result, We can ensure them about inheritation- NO. There is no link in inheritation and Autism, and we have done a lot of research on it. We will hold a INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AUTISM SOON, about THE TOLE'S WAY OF TREATMENT FOR AUTISM. Autism kids do not just need training or only medicine they need THE TOLE'S WAY to get them out of Autism. Over the recent years we have seen more than many cases, off cause some of them did not complete their treatment. All of them improved from the day they came, we open up their door and a-line them to come out off the enclosed world of their own. There is NO point training them without getting them OUT OF THEIR ENCLOSED WORLD. Let us help you to bring your kid into our real world. Even though it may be timely and effort consuming, we have to do it once and for all - for their whole life. The younger they start the faster and better change of getting better recovery. Now we are catering for intensive course for all autistic kids with 4 weeks to 3 months or 6 months periods. 4 weeks treatments will have to come back every 6 months until near good recovery hopefully. 1 month stay will have to come once a year for a few treatments. 3 to 6 months will be targeting for best result and can then takes herbal medicine and all our advise over the net after the treatment. Many Kids that have come form US, London, Pakistan, Korea, Singapore, UK, Africa, India, Bangladesh, Malicious Island, Denmark etc, etc all over the world If kids cannot come in soon enough, then we will prescript some herbal brain powder first until they can come for the treatment, and also many do gets improved from just the brain herbal powder. A lot of the kids improved so much that they decided to just continue with the herbs a lone. All Associations and society are welcome to be affiliated with us. We can provide information's and seminar and short term intensive treatment to all at our convenience. We will continue to write those that we have treated with good result - history , soon when we have enough time and man power to do so, which is encourage by many of our enquiries and existing patients. Please visit our site in future for more update of true stories. As at now , 2003 we have been sending to many Autistic kids all over the world for our THE TOLE'S Brain Powder and it has shown very good result, before they come over for their intensive treatment. We will keep you all update on the true story. Please let your friends know about us they may need our help desperately, Thanks. . Ask Master's Assistant Usually after 3 days treatment the kids will be able to adapt to the treatment even if they are hyperactive. So parents not to worry about their treatment problems, most of the parents worry that can my kid take the treatment or will he/ she runs away? No, it usually takes only 3 days treatment then they will be use to lt. Well many says that when they goes for a hair cut it may takes 2 adult to hold them for the cause but when they come to take Neuro Acupuncture from our Master they are able to cupe just after a few days treatment . AUTISM Isolated in worlds of their own, people with autism appear indifferent and remote and are unable to form emotional bonds with others. Although people with this baffling brain disorder can display a wide range of symptoms and disability, many are incapable of understanding other people's thoughts, feelings, and needs. Often, language and intelligence fail to develop fully, making communication and social relationships difficult. Many people with autism engage in repetitive activities, like rocking or banging their heads, or rigidly following familiar patterns in their everyday routines. Some are painfully sensitive to sound, touch, sight, or smell. Children with autism do not follow the typical patterns of child development. In some children, hints of future problems may be apparent from birth. In most cases, the problems become more noticeable as the child slips farther behind other children the same age. Other children start off well enough. But between 18 and 36 months old, they suddenly reject people, act strangely, and lose language and social skills they had already acquired. As a parent, teacher, or caregiver you may know the frustration of trying to communicate and connect with children or adults who have autism. You may feel ignored as they engage in endlessly repetitive behaviors. You may despair at the bizarre ways they express their inner needs. And you may feel sorrow that your hopes and dreams for them may never materialize. But there is help-and hope. Gone are the days when people with autism were isolated, typically sent away to institutions. Today, many youngsters can be helped to attend school with other children. Methods are available to help improve their social, language, and academic skills. Autism is found in every country and region of the world, and in families of all racial, ethnic, religious, and economic backgrounds. Emerging in childhood, it affects about 3 or 4 people in every thousand and is three to four times more common in boys than girls. Girls with the disorder, however, tend to have more severe symptoms and lower intelligence. THE TOLE is dedicated to understanding the workings and inter-relationships of the various regions of the brain, and to developing preventive measures and new treatments for disorders like autism that handicap people in school, work, and social relationships and brain damage or vegetable. Up-to-date information on autism and treatment result for autistic is the role of THE TOLE in identifying underlying causes and effective treatments are available in our Autism Herbs Treatment Cure- The Tole Main Page.: Also described are symptoms and diagnostic procedures, treatment options, strategies for coping, and sources of information and support. THE TOLE' WAY OF MEDICATION HAVE GOOD EFFECTIVENESS FOR IMPROVEMENT ON AUTISTIC KIDS and very high result for brain problems and complications. Some autistic kids is now living a normal life some with extra ordinary IQ and special talent, all these parents did not expect their kids tope as normal as they are now, they were trying to improve them in their daily living, so now all are very happy!!!!!. What is ADHD? ADHD often prevents children from learning and socializing well. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and attention deficit disorder (ADD) refer to a range of problem behaviors associated with poor attention span. These may include impulsiveness, restlessness and hyperactivity, as well as inattentiveness, and often prevent children from learning and socializing well. ADHD is sometimes referred to as hyper kinetic disorder. What are the symptoms of ADHD Attention difficulties A child must have exhibited at least six of the following symptoms for at least six months to an extent that is unusual for their age and level of intelligence. Fails to pay close attention to detail or makes careless errors during work or play. Fails to finish tasks or sustain attention in play activities. Seems not to listen to what is said to him or her. Fails to follow through instructions or to finish homework or chores (not because of confrontational behavior or failure to understand instructions). Disorganized about tasks and activities. Avoids tasks like homework that require sustained mental effort. Loses things necessary for certain tasks or activities, such as pencils, books or toys. Easily distracted. Forgetful in the course of daily activities. Hyperactivity A child must have exhibited at least three of the following symptoms for at least six months to an extent that is unusual for their age and level of intelligence. Runs around or excessively climbs over things Unduly noisy in playing, or has difficulty in engaging in quiet leisure activities. Leaves seat in classroom or in other situations where remaining seated is expected. Fidgets with hands or feet or squirms on seat. Impulsivity At least one of the following symptoms must have persisted at least for six months to an extent that is unusual for their age and level of intelligence. Blurts out answers before the questions have been completed. Fails to wait in lines or await turns in games or group situations. Interrupts or intrudes on others, e.g. jump into others conversations or games. Talks excessively without appropriate response to social restraint. Pervasiveness of attention difficulties and hyperactivity For a diagnosis or description of ADHD a child would be expected to show the above difficulties in more than one setting, e.g. at school and at home. Problems are not shown 'at home' but are very evident when a child goes to a hospital department. This can happen when parents do not realize that their child's behavior is out of the normal range (perhaps because they have no other children, or they have other children who behave similarly). It may also be because the problems are mild, or because the family has handled the attention lack at home in such a way that it is not evident there is a major problem, or because the child is very young. In those cases it is quite reasonable for parents not to consider that their child has an attention deficit problem. These conditions has a good chance to be treated, it will take time and effort to do it. The Tole's way of remedies for them is not easy and tedious, the good part is it works with many of them. Some adults that just have AD should be able to recovers too with our Remedies. The Tole's Brain Powder Autism ADHD Treatment for all special kids Treatment. The Tole's Neuro Brain Powder is effective for regenerating the brain's cells (neurons) to get connected to each other so that the brain cells can function normally to get them OUT OF THEIR OWN WORLD. It is to help in their eye contact , hyper activeness, awareness of the surrounding, behavior and attention etc, etc . The herbal brain is to be taken for 2 to 3 times a day with liquid. There are many that have improved just using our brain powder. There are quite a few different types of Brain powder so please let us know your kids conditions and fill in our form for the correct Brain Powder. WE HAVE BEEN TREATING MORE THEN MANY OF THE AUTISTIC KIDS JUST LIKE YOUR KID. Please act fast for kids nearly 7 , because after the age of 7 it will be slower in their improvement and after 11 it will be even slower, so if you cannot come over immediately then you should let your kids starts by taking our brain powder first and then arrange to come over for the intensive treatment. First you have to let us know your kids conditions in details and then we can send you the correct brain powder. autism ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and ADD (attention deficit disorder) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and attention deficit disorder (ADD) refer to a range of problem behaviors associated with poor attention span. These may include impulsiveness, restlessness and hyperactivity, as well as inattentiveness, and often prevent children from learning and socializing well. ADHD is sometimes referred to as hyper kinetic disorder. Symptoms of autism ADHD Attention difficulties : A child must have exhibited at least six of the following symptoms for at least three months to an extent that is unusual for their age and level of intelligence: Fails to pay close attention to detail or makes careless errors during work or play. Fails to finish tasks or sustain attention in play activities. Seems not to listen to what is said to him or her. Fails to follow through instructions or to finish homework (not because of confrontational behavior or failure to understand instructions). Disorganized about tasks and activities. Avoids tasks like homework that require sustained mental effort. Loses things necessary for certain tasks or activities, such as pencils, books or toys. Easily distracted. Forgetful in the course of daily activities. autism- Hyperactivity A child must have exhibited at least three of the following symptoms for at least three months to an extent that is unusual for their age and level of intelligence. Runs around or excessively climbs over things. (In adolescents or adults only feelings of restlessness may occur.) Unduly noisy in playing, or has difficulty in engaging in quiet leisure activities. Leaves seat in classroom or in other situations where remaining seated is expected. Fidgets with hands or feet or squirms on seat. autism ADHD Impulsivity At least one of the following symptoms must have persisted at least for three months to an extent that is unusual for their age and level of intelligence: Blurts out answers before the questions have been completed. Fails to wait in lines or await turns in games or group situations. Interrupts or intrudes on others, likes to jump into others conversations or games. Talks excessively without appropriate response to social restraint. ADHD or Others causes Epileptic seizures can cause a child to become drowsy, impairing their attention. Epilepsy can also cause unusual behavior and lead to abnormal perceptions. Hearing problems such as deafness or glue ear can make it hard for a child to follow instructions and make them appear inattentive. Reading problems, making it hard to complete tasks or follow instructions. Obsessive compulsive disorder leads to people following strange rituals that preoccupy their thoughts and distract their attention. Tourette's syndrome involves repetitive, involuntary jerking movements of the body and sudden outbursts of noise or swearing. Autism and Asperger's syndrome often lead to difficulties in understanding and using language. Prolonged periods of insufficient sleep, causing poor concentration. Some children may be very active or be easily distracted or have difficulty concentrating. If these behaviours are relatively mild, they should not be considered a disorder. Others difficulties that occurs alongside Autism ADHD ADHD often occurs alongside other difficulties and is not the sole cause of problem behavior. Children may exhibit temper tantrums, sleep disorders, and be clumsy. Other behavioral problems that occur with ADHD include: confrontational defiant behavior, which occurs in most of these kids. The child loses their temper, argues and refuses to comply with adults and deliberately annoys others. conduct disorders occur in at least 25 per cent of children. The child may be destructive or show deceitful behavior such as lying, breaking rules and stealing. specific learning difficulties, including dyslexia, occur in 25-30 per cent of children. severe clinical depression occurs in about 30 per cent of children. anxiety disorders occur in 30 per cent of children. What causes ADHD? Biological Temperamental, as this contributes to their attitude and personality. Twins suggest a genetic link to ADHD. In 80-90 per cent of identical twins where one has ADHD so does the other. Recent research also suggests there is a greater chance of inheriting the condition from male relatives such as grandfathers and uncles. Brain injuries due to birth trauma or pre-birth problems. The brain structures believed to be linked to the development of ADHD are vulnerable to hypoxic damage during birth. The damage is caused by inadequate oxygen (QI flow) reaching parts of the brain while blood flow is reduced. Environmental conditions: Family stress. Educational difficulties. ADHD diagnosis Observations to the assessment of a child with possible ADHD. There is no single diagnostic test for ADHD so different sorts of information needs to be gathered, such as the following: History of symptoms The precise nature of the difficulties, when they were first noticed, in what situations they occur, factors that exacerbate or relieve them. Medical history Risk factors that could predispose the child to ADHD include difficulties and risks in pregnancy and during birth, for example if the mother was in poor health, very young or drank alcohol or smoked or had an extended or complicated labor. Several medical conditions are known to be associated with ADHD. These include fragile-X syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome, G6PD deficiency, phenylketonuria and generalized resistance to thyroid hormone. Accidents, operations and chronic medical conditions such as epilepsy, asthma and heart, liver and kidney disorders all need to be taken in to account. Also of possible relevance is any medication the child is taking, as well as any adverse reactions they have had to medication in the past. Past psychiatric history: Enquiring about any mental health problems the child has had can help rule out depression or anxiety being behind the symptoms. Educational history: This means the level of their ability and what specific difficulties they have, how they function within their peer group and get on with teachers, and any behavior difficulties such as suspensions or exclusions. Family history: The mental and physical health of the child's parents and other family members can be relevant, particularly regarding the incidence of ADHD or depression. Less then 1% ahs the family history but this is one of the research data base. Social assessment: The family's social circumstances, such as housing, poverty, and social support may all have an impact on the child's behavior. Less then 4 % has this problem but it should be taken into consideration. What treatment is available for ADHD? There is NO straight treatment in the western way excepts general guidelines to manage a child's problematic behavior, THE TOLE has developed a NEURO treatment for these special kids. It is with THE TOLE'S NEURO Acupuncture and Special Neuro Herbal Powder. During the treatment we will guild the parents in what to do and what not. It will help to re-align your kid and get them out of their own world of autism. Getting it done once and for all time for them .You can start by taking our special brain powder first if you cannot come immediately and then when you decided to come then we can help you to arrange for your accommodations and others. Please book for your appointment in advance because there are many kids here doing their intensive treatment from all over the world. The below picture was the famous NEWS in most News Paper during November 1987 until 1988, its about a boy name Richard who has a rare disease that makes him jump , walk and act like a robot. Being hospitalize in 3 major hospital in Malaysia then cured by our WORLD FIRST CLASS PHYSICIAN MASTER TOLE. Life demonstrating Neuro Acupuncture done by our Master in front of the major news reporters. Being one in a million case of Slow , rare developing cerebral plasy, brain damage of the Qi flow in the brain .Obstruction of the Qi flow could then be revitalize by our THE TOLE'S Neuro Qi Qong Acupuncture done by our Master. THE TOLE'S LIST OF LINK Main Page -Autism Treatment- ADHD Malaysia.: Autism Treatment- ADHD Malaysia.: Autism Treatment- Aspergers Syndrome.: Autism Treatment Kuala Lumpur. : Autism Treatment- Autism Centre.: Autism Treatment- Autism Cure.: Autism Treatment- Autism Diet: Autism Healings Treatment.: Autism Herbal Medicine Treatment.: Autism Herbal Treatment.: Autism Herbs Treatment.: Autism Hyperlexia Treatment.: Autism Treatment Program.: Autism Behavior Treatment Research.: Autism Behavior Sleep Behavior Treatment. : Autism Behavior Treatment.: Autism Behavior The Tole Institute.: Autism Behavior The Tole Main Page.: http://www.geocities.com/autistickidscure/

what do you know about Islam and its impact on Europe? Firstly: Our Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) did not produce his ideas by himself, rather the message that he brought came from Allaah – it was Revelation (wahy) which Allaah sent to him. Secondly: with regard to his life (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him): He was the best of all people on earth in terms of lineage, for he was descended from the noblest line. Even his enemies bore witness to that. Hence his enemy Abu Sufyaan testified to that effect before the Byzantine ruler. The noblest of people were his people; the noblest of tribes was his tribe; the noblest of clans was his clan. His full name was Muhammad ibn [son of] ‘Abd-Allaah ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib ibn Haashim ibn ‘Abd Manaaf ibn Qusayy ibn Kilaab ibn Murrah ibn Ka’b ibn Lu’ayy ibn Ghaalib ibn Fahr ibn Maalik ibn al-Nadar ibn Kinaanah ibn Khuzaymah ibn Mudrikah ibn Ilyaas ibn Mudar ibn Nizaar ibn Ma’d ibn ‘Adnaan… ibn ‘Ismaa’eel [Ishmael] ibn Ibraaheem [Abraham] (peace be upon them). Allaah sent him as a Prophet at the age of forty, which is the age of perfection. The first sign of Prophethood which was sent to the Messenger of Allaah was dreams: he did not see any dream but it would come true like daybreak. It was said that that lasted for six months. The period of his Prophethood lasted for twenty-three years. These dreams were one of the forty-six parts of Prophethood. Then Allaah honoured him with Prophethood, and the angel came to him whilst he was in the cave of Hira’, where he used to love to go to be alone. The first words (of the Qur’aan) to be revealed to him were: “Read! In the Name of your Lord Who has created (all that exists)” [al-‘Alaq 96:1 – interpretation of the meaning] His message came in stages. Firstly, he was appointed as a Prophet; secondly, he warned his nearest kinsmen; thirdly, he warned his people; fourthly, he warned the people to whom no warner had ever come, namely all the Arabs; fifthly, he warned all those whom his message reached, both jinns and humans, until the end of time. After that (initial revelation), he spent three years calling people to Allaah in secret. Then the following words were revealed to him: “Therefore proclaim openly (Allaah’s Message Islamic Monotheism) that which you are commanded, and turn away from Al‑Mushrikoon (polytheists, idolaters, and disbeliever” [al-Hijr 15:94 – interpretation of the meaning] See Zaad al-Ma’aad by Ibn al-Qayyim, 1/71 Thirdly: With regard to the message to which our Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) called people, it is sufficient to quote what was said by Abu Sufyaan – who was a kaafir (disbeliever) at the time. Heraclius, the ruler of Byzantium, asked Abu Sufyaan, “What does he tell you to do?” Abu Sufyaan said: “He tells us to worship Allaah alone, not associating anything with Him, and he forbids us to worship that which our fathers used to worship. He commands us to pray, to give in charity, to be chaste, to keep our promises and fulfil our trusts.” Heraclius commented on Abu Sufyaan’s words by saying: “This is the description of a Prophet. I knew that he would appear, but I did not think that he would be from among you [the Arabs]. If you are indeed speaking the truth, then soon he will take possession of the place where my feet are standing. If I thought that I could meet him I would not hesitate to go to him, and if I were with him I would wash his feet.” (Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 2782; Muslim, 1773). Fourthly: After the death of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), he was succeeded as khaleefah (leader of the Muslim community) by Abu Bakr al-Siddeeq, during whose time a number of major events took place: the dispatching of the army of Usaamah [to Syria]; the wars against the apostates (ahl al-riddah); fighting those who refused to pay the zakaah; the emergence of Musaylimah the liar [a false prophet]; and the compilation of the Qur’aan. Then came ‘Umar ibn al-Khattaab, who was one of the earliest Muslims, one of the ten whom the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) had testified would enter Paradise, one of the Rightly Guided Caliphs (al-khulafa’ al-raashideen), one of the in-laws of the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), one of the greatest scholars and ascetics among the Sahaabah (the Companions of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him)). Many conquests took place during his time, including the conquest of Damascus, Jordan, Iraq, Jerusalem and Egypt. He is the one who decided, in consultation with ‘Ali, that history should be dated from the time of the Hijrah (the migration of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) from Makkah to Madeenah). He was martyred in 23 AH by the kaafir Magian murderer Abu Lu’lu’ah. Then came ‘Uthmaan ibn ‘Affaan, who was also one of the ten whom the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) had testified would enter Paradise. He had also become Muslim in the earliest days. He was one of those whom Abu Bakr al-Siddeeq had called to Islam. He migrated twice, first to Abyssinia (Ethiopia) then to Madeenah. He married Ruqayyah the daughter of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), then she passed away and he married her sister Umm Kalthoom. He ruled as khaleefah for twelve years, then he was martyred in 35 AH at the age of eighty-odd. Then came ‘Ali ibn Abi Taalib, who was also one of the ten whom the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) had testified would enter Paradise. He was the brother of the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) according to the system of brotherhood established when the muhaajiroon (migrants from Makkah) first came to Madeenah, and he was also the Prophet’s son-in-law as he married his daughter Faatimah, the best of all women (may Allaah be pleased with her). He was also one of the first people to become Muslim, one of the greatest scholars, bravest warriors, prominent ascetics and preachers. He was one of those who compiled the Qur’aan and showed it to the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him). Fifthly: The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) was guided by the teachings of the Qur’aan, indeed his whole attitude was the Qur’aan as the Mother of the Believers ‘Aa’ishah (may Allaah be pleased with her) said. The way our Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) was in Islam was the same as the way he had been before, but Allaah perfected his character and made it more beautiful. When the first revelation came, [his wife] Khadeejah (may Allaah be pleased with her) said, listing his attributes: “No, by Allaah, Allaah would never let you down. For you uphold ties of kinship, you help the weak, you give charity to the poor, you honour your guests and you help the deserving calamity-afflicted ones.” (Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 4; Muslim, 160) Both his companions and his enemies described him in a befitting manner, as he (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) deserved, saying that he was honourable, brave, merciful, well-spoken, worshipped a great deal, was honest and trustworthy, and so on. This was all summed up in the verse: “And verily, you (O Muhammad) are on an exalted (standard of) character” [al-Qalam 68:4 – interpretation of the meaning] His good character and attitude had a great effect, as it was the reason for some of the mushrikeen (pagans, polytheists) coming to Islam. It was narrated that Abu Hurayrah said: “The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) sent some cavalry towards Najd, and they brought a man from Banu Haneefah whose name was Thamaamah ibn Athaal and tied him to one of the pillars of the mosque. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) came out and said, ‘Untie Thamaamah.’ Then he (Thamaamah) went to grove of palm trees near the mosque and washed himself (did ghusl), then he entered the mosque and said, ‘I bear witness that there is no god except Allaah and that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allaah.’” (Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 4114; Muslim, 1764). Sixthly: With regard to Islam reaching Europe, it did so in several ways, including the following: 1 – The keenness of the Muslims to convey the truth to all of mankind. Andalusia [in Spain] was conquered by Taariq ibn Ziyaad in 92 AH/711 CE, and the conquests in western Europe continued until they reached southeastern France in 114 AH. 2 – People coming from North Africa, the Middle East and South Asia to look for work and a better future. 3 – Westerners bringing some people from other countries, such as the Germans bringing Turks, to work in their country. 4 – The presence of Muslim daa’iyahs (callers, “missionaries”) in those countries. 5 – The conquests of the Ottoman state of part of Europe. 6 – The conversion of some indigenous Europeans to Islam, who then began to propagate Islam. 7 – Trade links between Muslims and Europe. 8 – Conversion of some Europeans to Islam. 9 – Changes in the European intellectual approaches. 10 – Rejection of the church myths which contradict revelation and the adoption of empirical knowledge whose foundation was laid by the Muslims. 11 – Participation of Muslim communities in the development of research, inventions and companies in Europe, through the work of qualified Muslim professionals, plus the increase in the number of Muslim communities in Europe, which resulted in the increase in the number of mosques, schools and Islamic centers. This has resulted in increased Muslim influence, to the extent that the enemies of Islam such as the Jews are scared. The Israeli newspaper “Ha-eretz” said, in an issue published in late June 2001 CE, “As is the case in western Europe, the great increase in the number of Muslims in the United States has led to an increase in their political influence… The increase in the number of Muslims and their increasing political awareness, especially the Arab students, who are the most active of the Arabs in the political field, and the decrease in the number of Jews as a result of mixed marriages and their assimilation into American society, will all, in the future, play a role in changing the balance of power and changing the influence that these competing groups have in Washington. This is now something tangible, as can be seen in the activities of the pro-Arab lobbies in Congress. 1. The increase in the number of Muslims in European counties. More than ten years ago the number of Muslims in Europe was approximately 12 million. 2. The spread of mosques, Islamic centers and schools. 3. The spread of hijaab and Islamic dress in the capitals of European countries. 4. The holding of Islamic exhibitions and seminars, and the establishment of companies that take care of halaal slaughter of meat, and burying the dead in the manner prescribed in Islam. And Allaah is the Guide to the straight path and the Source of strength. Islam Q&A Sheikh Muhammed Salih Al-Munajjid

please answer my question about the constitutional convention? TeachingAmericanHistory.org Homepage Register Online About Us Search Site Seminars & Institutes Historical Documents Library Audio Lectures & Discussions Constitutional Convention Home > Constitutional Convention > Introduction to the Constitutional Convention by Gordon Lloyd Introduction to the Constitutional Convention by Gordon Lloyd See Also: Convention: Introduction to this Site | Introduction to the Convention | Four Act Drama | Day by Day Summary | Major Themes | Madison's Notes | Selected Correspondence Delegates: Age of Framers in 1787 | Educational Backgrounds | Continental Experiences | Delegates by State | Alphabetical List | Interactive Scene at the Signing of the Constitution | Interactive Map of Philadelphia | Entertainment of George Washington at the City Tavern The Call for a Grand Convention On May 15, 1776, the Second Continental Congress, meeting in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, issued "A Resolve" to the thirteen colonies: "Adopt such a government as shall, in the opinion of the representatives of the people, best conduce to the safety and happiness of their constituents in particular and America in general." Between 1776 and 1780 each of the thirteen colonies adopted a republican form of government. What emerged was the most extensive documentation of the powers of government and the rights of the people that the world had ever witnessed. These state constitutions displayed a remarkable uniformity. Seven attached a prefatory Declaration of Rights, and all contained the same civil and criminal rights. Four states decided not to "prefix" a Bill of Rights to their constitutions, but, instead, incorporated the very same natural and traditional rights found in the prefatory declarations. New York incorporated the entire Declaration of Independence into its constitution. The primary purpose of these declarations and bills was to outline the objectives of government: to secure the right to life, liberty, property, and the pursuit of happiness. The government that was chosen to secure these rights was declared universally to be "a republican form of government." All of the states, except Pennsylvania, embraced a two-chamber legislature, and all, except Massachusetts, installed a weak executive and denied the Governor the power to veto bills of the legislature. All accepted the notion that the legislative branch should be preeminent, but, at the very same time, endorsed the concept that the liberty of the people was in danger from the corruption of the representatives. And this despite the fact that the representatives were installed by the election of the people. Thus, each state constitution embraced the notion of short terms of office for elected representatives along with recall, rotation, and term limits. The Second Continental Congress also created the first continental-wide system of governance. The Articles of Confederation created a nation of pre-existing states rather than a government over individuals. Thus, the very idea of a Bill of Rights was irrelevant because the Articles did not entail a government over individuals. The states were equally represented in the union regardless of size of population, only one branch was needed, normal political activity required the support of super majorities, the union was limited to the powers expressly enumerated, and amendment was required to endow the union with powers that weren't specifically articulated. Amendments required the unanimous approval of all thirteen state legislatures. The Articles didn't come into operation until the early 1780s because of territorial disputes between two states; all of the states were required to "sign on" before the Articles became operative on any one state. These two directives produced two opposite and rival situations: an early operating, robust and healthy state and local politics and a late arriving, weak and divisive continental arrangement. Several statesmen, especially George Washington, were concerned that the idea of an American mind that had emerged during the war with Britain was about to disappear and the Articles of Confederation were inadequate to foster the development of an American character. According to Washington, "we have errors to correct." He argued that the states refused to comply with the articles of peace, the union was unable to regulate interstate commerce, and the states met, but oh so grudgingly, just the minimum interstate standards required by the Articles. Others, especially James Madison, were concerned that the state legislatures—dominated by what he saw as oppressive, unjust, and overbearing majorities—were passing laws detrimental to the rights of individual conscience and the right to private property. And there was nothing that the union government could do about it because the Articles left matters of religion and commerce to the states. The solution, concluded Madison, was to create an extended republic, in which a variety of opinions, passions, and interests would check and balance each other, supported by a governmental framework that endorsed a separation of powers between the branches of the general government. Between 1781 and 1785 attempts "to correct these errors" failed to secure the required unanimous consent of the state legislatures. Matters changed, however, in 1786. Following James Madison's suggestion of 21 January 1786, the Virginia Legislature invited all the States to discuss ways to reduce interstate conflicts in Annapolis, Maryland. The "commissioners" in attendance at Annapolis during September 1786, chatted about these particular concerns, but suggested that the conversation be both deepened and widened. They endorsed a motion that a "Grand Convention" of all the States meet in Philadelphia the next May 1787 to discuss how to improve the Articles of Confederation. One might well ask, "Who or what authorized the Virginia Legislature to call the Annapolis Convention and who or what authorized the Annapolis Convention to call for a 'Grand Convention'?" The answer is to be found in the Declaration of Independence: The people have the right to choose the form of government under which they shall live and to install such government as they deem appropriate to secure their liberty, security, and happiness. The Selection of the Delegates Madison and Washington agreed that the principles of the Revolution of 1776 were in danger due to a weak continental arrangement and overbearing, unjust, and reckless state legislatures. But how could they take advantage of the opportunity provided by the Annapolis recommendation? How was such a bold proposal to be put into effect? Madison persuaded the Virginia Legislature to implement the challenge of the Annapolis Convention and invite all the other states to also reconsider the status of the Articles. He also persuaded the Assembly to be the first to elect delegates to the Grand Convention to consider the business "of May next." The Virginia Assembly elected 55-year-old revolutionary hero George Washington to head the delegation. "Give me Liberty or give me Death" Patrick Henry declined because "he smelt a rat." Doctor James McClurg was selected even though he had no political experience; James Madison insisted he be present. Richard Henry Lee and Thomas Nelson, colonial heroes and Signers of the Declaration, refused to attend. 34-year-old Edmund Randolph, the Governor of Virginia, 55-year-old John Blair, an esteemed Virginia judge, 55-year-old George Wythe, the first law professor of the United States and Signer of the Declaration, 62-year-old George Mason, author of the Virginia Bill of Rights were all chosen along with five foot tall, 120 pound, 36-year-old James Madison. Five States followed Virginia's lead. 1. New Jersey selected William Churchill Houston, Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court David Brearly, 40-year-old Irish immigrant William Paterson, Governor William Livingston, known as "the Whipping Post" because of his great height, and 27-year-old Jonathan Dayton who after the Convention went exploring and died in what is now Dayton, Ohio. 2. Pennsylvania selected eight delegates: Thomas Mifflin was elected as the leader of the delegation; he was speaker of the Pennsylvania Assembly. Other members selected were Robert Morris, financier of the Revolution, George Clymer, signer of the Declaration, Jared Ingersoll a political reformer who later bestowed on Madison the appellation, "Father of the Constitution," Irish immigrant Thomas Fitzsimons, founder of the Bank of America and one of two Catholics at the Convention, 45-year-old James "The Caledonian" Wilson from Scotland, 33-year-old peg leg and "rake" Gouverneur Morris, who spoke more than anyone at the Convention, and 81-year-old Benjamin "the American Socrates" Franklin who was added to the delegation as a courtesy. All the delegates from Pennsylvania resided in Philadelphia. 3. Former Governor Alexander Martin was chosen to lead the North Carolina delegation, but left before the signing. 29-year-old William Davie also left the Convention early. In 1802 he was killed in a duel. 29-year-old Richard Dobbs Spaight, preacher, essayist, and mathematician Doctor Hugh Williamson, and land speculator William Blount—who later earned the dubious honor of being the first member expelled from the United States Senate—made up the core of the delegation that had a major impact on the course of the debates in July. Howard Christy gives this central signing honors in his commemoration of the Constitution. 4. 54-year-old George Read headed the Delaware delegation. Additional members included "corpulent and impetuous" Gunning Bedford Junior, prudent and educated John Dickinson, and two quiet thirty-five-year olds: Jacob Broom and Richard Bassett. 5. The head of the Georgia delegation was William Few who was joined by Abraham Baldwin, William Houstoun, and 49-year-old William Pierce, one of the poorest attendees in terms of income—thus he has no official portrait—who nevertheless left us rich sketches of the delegates. So six of the states had taken Virginia's initiative to form a Grand Convention without waiting for any formal endorsement by the existing government under the Articles of Confederation. Other states, however, were more cautious and wanted the existing Congress to address the legitimacy of such a gathering. On 28 February 1787, the Confederation Congress endorsed the meeting of the Grand Convention on "the second Monday in May next." Exactly what the Congress authorized became a bone of contention. The recommendatory act of Congress reads thus: A Convention of delegates should meet "for the sole purpose of revising the articles of Confederation and reporting to Congress and the several legislatures such alterations and provisions therein as shall, when agreed to in Congress and confirmed by the States, render the federal Constitution adequate to the exigencies of government and the preservation of the Union." (Italics in the original of the version reprinted in Federalist 40.) Did the Congress limit the Convention to the discussion of specific and particular matters or did the Congress empower the Convention to "run away" and propose whatever alterations the delegates considered were needed to preserve the principles of the Revolution? New York was the first state to act after the Congressional endorsement. The Governor George Clinton faction of the New York legislature selected State Supreme Court judge Robert Yates and John Lansing to, in effect, outvote Alexander Hamilton. The New York delegation was not particularly prominent at the Convention. Yates and Lansing left in early July, just prior to the passage of the Connecticut Compromise, and the 32-year-old Hamilton, who lost his life at age 49 in a duel with Aaron Burr, was far more influential in securing the adoption of the Constitution in 1788 than in its framing in 1787. Five States followed New York's lead. 1. In early March, South Carolina, selected John Rutledge, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Charles Pinckney, and Pierce Butler as their delegates; they were pro-national, pro-slavery, and very influential. 2. Massachusetts, also in March, selected Elbridge Gerry, who signed the Declaration, 32-year-old Rufus King, "backwoods lawyer" Caleb Strong, and Nathaniel Gorham, who chaired the Committee of the Whole during the Convention. 3. Four days before the Convention began, Connecticut elected three delegates: William Samuel Johnson, who learned of his appointment to the Presidency of Columbia College on his way to Philadelphia, Roger Sherman, who signed both the Declaration and the Articles, and 42-year-old Oliver Ellsworth who had the reputation of talking to himself and being a chain chewer of snuff. 4. Irish immigrant Doctor James McHenry, after whom Fort McHenry is named, was a leader of the Maryland delegation. He was joined by 60-year-old bachelor, Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, 30-year-old Daniel Carroll—one of two Catholics at the Convention—29-year-old John F. Mercer, who blew into and out of town during the first week of August, and Luther Martin, who apparently had a great capacity to consume immense amounts of alcohol, and sober up at a moment's notice. 5. New Hampshire was short of cash so John Langdon funded the expenses for himself and Nicholas Gilman; they arrived at the Convention on July 23, after the main debate over the Connecticut Compromise was completed and yet just in time for a one-week recess. Rhode Island, the thirteenth state, declined to send delegates. Thomas Jefferson characterized the 55 men who showed up in Philadelphia as "demi-gods," who created a Constitution that would last into remote futurity. Alexis de Tocqueville marveled at the work of the American Founders: never before in the history of the world had the leaders of a country declared the existing government to be bankrupt, and the people, after debate, calmly elected delegates who proposed a solution, which, in turn, was debated up and down the country for nearly a year, and not a drop of blood was spilled. Madison, in Federalist 37, indicates the uniqueness of the Founding: never before had there been a democratic founding; all previous foundings had been the work of a single founder like Romulus. And Hamilton, in Federalist 1, suggested that this was a unique event in the history of the world; finally government was going to be established by reflection and choice rather than force and fraud. And what is also unique is the fact that the framers were relatively young, well educated, and politically experienced. Like the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution was written by delegates immersed in 1) the writings of Aristotle, Cicero, Locke, and Montesquieu, and 2) a world of political experience at both the state and continental level. Both basic documents were written in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, and thirty signers of the Declaration in 1776 played a vital part in the creation and adoption of the Constitution, 1787-1789. How to Read the Convention Very few of the delegates selected were present at the appointed time for the meeting of the Grand Convention in Philadelphia on May 14, 1787. All the Virginia delegates were present, however, and fully settled into their accommodations. Washington stayed at Robert Morris's Town House, and Madison secured lodgings across the street at Mrs. House's Boarding House. During this waiting period, the Virginia delegates caucused with each other in an attempt to set the tone for the deliberations of the Convention and paid courtesy calls on prominent members of Philadelphia society. Some entered a Catholic church for the first time. On May 25, a quorum of seven states was secured. The first order of business was to elect a President, and George Washington was the obvious choice. William Jackson, yet another immigrant at the Convention, was elected Secretary of the Convention and he recorded the propositions and amendments as well as the vote tabulation. James Madison took extensive Notes of the proceedings and although some scholars have questioned their authenticity and completeness, they remain the primary source for reproducing the conversations at the Convention. Other delegates kept specific notes on certain days, there are letters back home to friends and loved ones, there are urgent bills sent for immediate payment that augment, and there are personal diaries, some more complete than others. Nothing, however, can compete with, or ever replace, Madison's Notes. The delegates also agreed that the deliberations would be kept secret. The case in favor of secrecy was that the issues at hand were so important that honest discourse needed to be encouraged and delegates ought to feel free to speak their mind, and change their mind, as they saw fit. Thus, despite the hot summer weather in Philadelphia, and delegates who, on the whole, were rather overweight and hardly "dressed down" for the occasion, the windows were closed and heavy drapes drawn. The merits and demerits of the secrecy rule have been a subject of considerable debate throughout American history. In Act One of the Convention, Governor Randolph introduces the fifteen point Virginia Plan at the end of May to "revise the Articles of Confederation." The decisive features of this plan are 1) the complete structural exclusion of the states in terms of both election and representation; 2) the complete diminution of the powers of the states and the virtual freedom of Congress to act in those areas for which the states are incompetent; 3) the establishment of an extended national republic with institutional separation of powers and the introduction of the possibility that short terms of office and term limits—standard features of traditional republicanism—will be abandoned. Under the wholly federal Articles of Confederation, only the states are represented and the central government was restrained to the exercise of expressly delegated powers. And under the state republican constitutions, the governor had very little authority, and the elected representatives were kept under close scrutiny. Madison's Virginia Plan introduces a new understanding of federalism and republicanism. This wholly national republican plan is debated, and amended, over the next two weeks, and the main features are adopted by the delegates in mid June over two alternatives: the wholly federal, or state based, New Jersey Plan, that argues that the Virginia Plan goes too far, and the Hamilton Plan that claims the Virginia Plan does not go far enough. Hamilton, among other things, envisioned a President for life. Act Two portrays the Convention in crisis, in the sense that the delegates were at a stalemate. Far from the wholly national republican Virginia Plan being accepted, as we might very well anticipate when the curtain fell at the end of Act One, the delegates from Connecticut, New Jersey, Delaware, New York, and Mr. Martin from Maryland—the defenders of the New Jersey Plan, the old style federalism of the Articles, and the old fashioned republicanism of the state constitutions—insisted on questioning the validity of the Virginia Plan. They argued that the Convention had exceeded the Congressional mandate because the Articles had in fact been scrapped rather than revised. Thus the Convention had violated the rule of law. Moreover, the Convention was about to propose a novelty—a large country under one republican form of government—that would never be accepted by the electorate. These delegates knew their Locke and Montesquieu and they relied on their own political experience which was remarkably extensive: republican government could only exist in areas of small extent where the people kept close watch over their representatives. A breakthrough occurs at the end of June when Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut suggests that we are neither wholly national nor wholly federal but a mixture of both. Several delegates echo this theme and the Convention decides to move beyond the exclusively national or federal paradigms. The Gerry Committee is created to explore the ramifications of this suggestion that the people be represented in the House and the states be represented in the Senate. This recommendation—the Connecticut Compromise—is accepted over Madison's objections in mid-July. Act Three focuses on the debates during August over the Committee of Detail Report, especially concerning the itemization of Congressional powers. With the Connecticut Compromise in place, the delegates turned from the question of structure to the question of national and state powers. Under the Virginia Plan, Congress was empowered to do anything the States were incompetent to do. By July, that was no longer acceptable to the delegates. A Committee was created to draft a Constitution—the Committee of Detail—that would address the division of powers between the central and state governments and also the separation of powers between Congress, the President, and the Supreme Court. Another issue that emerged in Act Three is the slavery question. What could Congress do and not do to regulate and/or abolish slavery? This is a vital question and deserves special coverage. It is instructive to compare the clause in the Committee of Detail Report of August 6 with the Signed Constitution of September 17. The former forbids Congress from ever regulating the slave trade and prohibits Congress from discouraging the trade by means of a tax or tariff. By contrast the final Constitution, limits the prohibition on Congress until 1808 and permits Congress to discourage the slave trade. In March, 1807, President Jefferson signed into law an Act of Congress prohibiting the slave trade effective January 1, 1808, and during the 1790s Congress took specific steps to discourage the importation of Africans for the purpose of being sold into slavery. Act Four covers the final three weeks of the Convention during the month of September. Despite all the progress that had been made on the structural role of the states and enumerating the powers of Congress, there was much work still to be done on the Presidency. The Brearley Committee came up with the idea of an Electoral College as a sensible compromise to the long and largely fruitless debates on how to elect the President. It had been clear for four months that until the mode of election was settled, no progress could be made on 1) length of term, 2) the issue of re-eligibility, and 3) the powers of the President. The Electoral College was modeled on the Connecticut Compromise: the President would be elected by a combination of people and states. The Committee of Style wrote the final draft of the Constitution. It included a Preamble and an obligation of contracts clause, both written by Gouverneur Morris, and an enumeration of the powers of Congress in Article I, Section 8. During the last week of the Convention the delegates added a few refinements, raised some serious concerns, and discussed what they agreed to over the four months of deliberations. Mason expressed the wish that "the plan had been prefaced by a Bill of Rights." Elbridge Gerry supported Mason's unsuccessful attempt to attach a Bill of Rights. Randolph joined Mason and Gerry and declared that he too wouldn't sign the Constitution. And the delegates wondered whether or not the power to create a national university was implied within the meaning of the necessary and proper clause. Rising Sun ChairOn the last day of the Convention, September 17, Benjamin Franklin looked at the chair occupied by Washington and declared the sun enshrined on the chair to be a rising sun. Many delegates over the four months of deliberation often thought that it was a setting sun. 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A Project of the Ashbrook Center for Public Affairs at Ashland University 401 College Avenue | Ashland, Ohio 44805 (419) 289-5411 | (877) 289-5411 (Toll Free) info@TeachingAmericanHistory.org © 2006 Ashbrook Center for Public Affairs TeachingAmericanHistory.org Homepage Register Online About Us Search Site Seminars & Institutes Historical Documents Library Audio Lectures & Discussions Constitutional Convention Home > Constitutional Convention > Introduction to the Constitutional Convention by Gordon Lloyd Introduction to the Constitutional Convention by Gordon Lloyd See Also: Convention: Introduction to this Site | Introduction to the Convention | Four Act Drama | Day by Day Summary | Major Themes | Madison's Notes | Selected Correspondence Delegates: Age of Framers in 1787 | Educational Backgrounds | Continental Experiences | Delegates by State | Alphabetical List | Interactive Scene at the Signing of the Constitution | Interactive Map of Philadelphia | Entertainment of George Washington at the City Tavern The Call for a Grand Convention On May 15, 1776, the Second Continental Congress, meeting in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, is so can you answer my question?

can anyone help me edit this essay.? It was not until I ended up lost in New Jersey that I finally realized that using maps is not my forte. This was surprising to me because I have always attempted to map out my life with paying close attention to details. I should have known better because despite my many life maps I have yet to reach the rout I planned. Looking back on the journey that has led me to this junction that now lies ahead of me, the path I traveled is less important than the sights and sounds I experienced along the way. During my journey, various experiences have shaped my views on health care, medicine, and my passion for becoming a physician. Most recently, I have experienced health care as a student of health policy and public health learning about Medicaid waivers, HIPAA, and decision analysis. Before graduate school, I was a student in Chemistry labs, Sociology seminars, and abundant required humanities classes. I think back to the days that I volunteered with AIDS Care Service, helping to provide companionship and a sense of normalcy to people suffering. Further back my map reveals the time I spent as a humble research assistant, sifting through numerous files, compiling data, and analyzing the subtle nuances of each patient record. Yet, no matter how far I have strayed from my intended plan I always come back to this one incident that put me on my course towards medicine. The memory of a doctor, a woman, dressed professionally in a long skirt and sweater with a white coat over her ensemble still is clear in my mind. She enters the room quietly giving a shy greeting to her next patient. Examining the chart closely, she recognizes that her patient, an ailing eight-year old girl, is back in her office again with a severe respiratory infection. The child lays curled up in the fetal position on the brown leather examining table too sick to even raise her head. The young girls face is red with fever and the weeze and crackle of her lungs are audible even without a stethoscope. Without hesitation, the doctor bends down to inspect the girl, listening to her heartbeat and her chest wheeze, a sound which her mother is all too familiar with . The doctor is now kneeling on the cold linoleam floor, unconcerned with her own comfort, in order to make her assessment. After asking a few questions and making several more observations of the congested nasal passages and the engorged tonsils, the doctor makes the diagnosis and prescribes a series of medications that she hopes will cure her patient's recurring illness cycle at last . Finally, without hesitation, she reaches down and gently strokes the human ball on the arm silently reassuring that things will be OK. The doctor leaves not knowing the lasting impact she has made on this impressionable young woman, the way she forever changed my life map. When I envision my future as a doctor I focus on the hope that I too may influence one person in the way my pediatrician changed my life on that day, making all the hard work, doubts, and real sacrifices worth it. My vision is an idealized memory I maintain, over the years it has come to include personal adjustments that allow me to realistically place myself in that picture. My plan for the future now includes the cracking and popping of the doctor's knees as she goes to examine her patient; the result of strenuously dancing for sixteen years of her life. The white coat has a small light brown stain on it where Dunkin Donut’s iced coffee has been spilled on it repeatedly, sustaining her through long shifts. Finally, her pockets bulge holding sugar free Trident gum and elastic hair ties, the two things without which she could not survive. While my map is constantly devolving, my past shapes the road I have chosen to take now. Recently, my map has come to include a more realistic view of what health care is in the United States. Despite society's longing for the days of house calls and Marcus Welby’s, the vocabulary of medicine now includes managed care, quality standards, and tort reform. These buzz words now flood the health community dialogue and represent that health care has now developed as a multidisciplinary institute. My vision has now morphed from the physician in scrubs and sneakers to one who is also comfortable in a suit that has learned to balance those nurturing moments with the enduring battle of quality, access, and cost. However, the new generation physician of my dreams remembers her time as the research assistant, the lab student, and the volunteer who’s reflection appeared in an aids patient's eyes. It no longer matters how I came to travel down this road or weather or not I got lost on the way because I now look only to the future, to the many paths that lie ahead of me. All the roads are challenging with many obstacles to overcome; but at the end of each road in front of me, the destination is the same. I stand at the end of each path with all the requirements needed to be a doctor: a desire for knowledge, compassion, self-awareness, patience, and humanity. Those are the only things that I have never lost on my journey.

Are YOU an Arminian? 1. Do you watch TBN (Trinity Broadcast Network) other than for comedic reasons? if yes -2 2. Do you regularly "come forward" or feel compelled to "come forward" at the end of a church service when the pastor gives the altar call? if yes -1 3. Do you replace the word 'think' with the word 'feel' when using a sentence? (ie. "I feel that the answer to the question is true.") if yes -1 4. Do you now carry, or have in your possession, any Jack Chick tracts? if yes -1 5. When Billy Graham or Jack Van Impe speaks does what they say elicit an emotional response? if yes -1 6. Do you feel compelled to fast when you are searching for "God's will"? if yes -1 7. Do you attend a "seeker service"? if yes -1 8. Does your church push whatever is the newest bestselling “christian” book. For example, has your pastor asked you or the church to be “Purpose Driven” if yes -1 9. Do you feel compelled to attend Dallas Theological Seminary? if yes -1 10. Is your pastor a graduate of either Fuller or Dallas Theological Seminary? if yes -1 11. Do you consider Hank Hanegraaff a theologian? if yes -2 12. Do you listen to Charles Stanley or any radio broadcast hosted by Campus Crusade for Christ? if yes -1 13. Does your pastor make his sermon points either rhyme or start with the same letter? if yes -1 14. Did you read any of the "Left Behind" books or watch the movie? if yes -1 15. Do you listen to any radio broadcast that is affiliated with Focus on the Family? if yes -1 16. Are you a Dispensationalist-Futurist? if yes -2 17. Do you have any Max Lucado books in your personal library? if yes -1 18. Do you feel guilty and believe you could have done more if a loved one or close friend has died without "accepting Christ" as his/her savior? if yes -1 19. Do you have a fish decal on your car, or any other bumper sticker that tells people to get saved or go to hell? if yes -1 20. Does your pastor use extended draws at the end of sentences when he is preaching a sermon? ( ie. Praise the Lord..a, Praise God..a, amen....a) if yes -1 21. Do you have any books by Bill Hybels in your personal library? if yes -1 22. Do you attend any church that's name begins with "United"? if yes -2 23. Have you ever had a leg or finger lengthened at a "healing" service? Or does anyone at your church ever ask if you have “sin in your life? if yes -1 24. Do you use the word "anointed" on a regular/semi-regular basis? if yes -1 25. Do you now, or have you in the past, spoken in tongues? if yes -1 26. Have you ever heard of the following people? A.W. Pink, Jonathan Edwards, Charles Spurgeon, John Knox, John Calvin, Martin Luther (not to be confused with Martin Luther King jr.) If no -1 27. Do you agree with, and promote the writings of Charles Finney? if yes -2 28. Does your church use a big screen in order to display images during a church service? if yes -1 If your church has a “praise band” -3 29. Have you ever said "Jesus loves you" to a perfect stranger? if yes -1 30. Do you wear a WWJD bracelet? if yes -1 31. Do you use the word "just" many times in prayer? (ie. "I just ask for a pleasant day and just help dad get well, and please just bless those around me....etc). The word "just" is used in many Arminian prayers, typically in Charismatic circles. if yes -1 32. Do you believe that, in your walk of faith, you may have lost your salvation a time or two? if yes -1 33. Do you attend a Roman Catholic church? (if yes then deduct 10 points. This would place you in the Pelagian circle of faith, you have passed the normal Arminian heresy and gone straight into the blatantly Antichrist camp.) 34. Do you believe Norm Geisler is a theologian? (this sentence is an oxymoron) if yes -4 35. Are you a member of Promise Keepers? if yes -1 36. Have you attended a Joyce Meyer's conference? if yes -1 Did you leave “refreshed” if yes -5 37. Do you attend an Evangelical Free church? if yes -2 38. Do you believe that Christ died for every single person that has lived or will live in the future? if yes -2 39. Do you feel the “tithe” is a NT law, but the 2nd and 4th commandments do not apply anymore? if yes -1 40. Does your historical “christian” perspective go back longer than the birth of the Charismatic movement? if no -1 41. Do you raise your hands during a church service? if yes -1 42. Do you watch Oprah? if yes -1 ( you may think this has no bearing on the test, but you would be wrong.) 43. Do you rebuke hurricanes and storms? If yes -1 44. Do you believe that most of the troubles of mankind can be traced back to generational curses and omnipresent demons? ie. Do you believe that there is a "demon of alcohol or tobacco" making people sin? if so -1. If you do not know what the word "omnipresent" is then -2. 45. Do you believe that all references to the word "wine" in the Bible is actually referring to grape juice? if so then -1 46. Do you believe the word "World" in John 3:16 refers to every living being from past to future? if so then -1 47. Do you carry John 3:16 signs to sporting events? If so then please stop it, and - 1. 48. Do you believe that God is rooting for the team that has the most Christians at sporting events? if so then -1 If you believe the President is a “strong Christian” -5. 49. Do you believe Christian bookstores are actually Christian? if so then -1 50. Do you believe that "predestination" is in the Bible? if not then -1 51. Does your church recommend the book "The prayer of Jabez"? If so then -2 52. Do you listen to any radio station owned by the Crawford Broadcast company? If so then -1 53. Do you subscribe to "Christianity Today" or "Charisma" magazine? If so then -2 54. Do you attend a church that has the word "Life" or "World" in the name? If so then -2. If the word “River” or “Harvest” is in the name -2. If any 2 of these words is in the name -5. 55. Do you plan to, or have you in the past, attended a Bill Gothard seminar? If so then -1 56. Do you hold to any part of the dietary laws in the Old Testament? If yes then -1 57. Do you attend "Women of Virtue" conferences? If so then deduct 1 58. Do you think Dave Hunt is a theologian? if so then -3 59. Have you ever said, “Doctrine divides”? Or have you ever agreed with someone that Doctrine isn’t important? if so then -2 60. Do you attend a church that only has the Lords Supper once a year, or not at all? if so then -1 61. Have you ever said, “Well, everyone has their own interpretation”? Or have you ever refused to discuss doctrine because “people can make the Bible say anything” if so then -1 62. Do you feel anger well up in you when someone rejects Christmas or Easter as pagan? -1 63. Do you think that smoking or drinking is a sin, but think that anyone who keeps the Sabbath or refuses to have pictures of Christ is a legalist? -2 64. Do you think that “the Church” is a place that you go? -1 65. Have you ever rejected one scripture (or set of scriptures) because you have a “counter scripture” that balances it out? -2 66. Do you have a “Free Will”? -3 if “yes”, then go to the moon right now, or just hover off the ground for 30 minutes. If you are not able to… -2 more. 67. Do you want your children (or yourself) to have “high self-esteem”? -1 68. Do you ever use the term Pride (or proud) in a positive way? If yes -1 69. Do you think that it is un-Christian to have weapons (or use them)? If so -3 70. Do you think that Romans 13 means that you have to obey the government no matter what? If yes -2 71. Do you think that having a “Christian Worldview” means just going to church and talking about Jesus at work? If yes -1 72. Do you think the “Passion” is a Christian movie and is likely to “bring people to Christ”? If so, -2 73. Have you read “George Bush, a man of Faith?” or “The Faith of George Bush”? If yes -2. 74. Do you hate Democrats and vote Republican because it is “better than the alternative”? If yes, -1 75. Do you hate Republicans and vote Democrat because it is “better than the alternative”? if yes, -1 76. Do you think that “Prayer in Schools” is a critical issue for Christians? If so, -1 (If you think that the authorization for ‘public schools’ is in the Bible then -3) Ok, let’s see how you did. If your total is more than -5, you are either a full scale Arminian, or you are on your way. But it is still not too late for you to be given repentance… pray about it. 1. Do you watch TBN (Trinity Broadcast Network) other than for comedic reasons? if yes -2 2. Do you regularly "come forward" or feel compelled to "come forward" at the end of a church service when the pastor gives the altar call? if yes -1 3. Do you replace the word 'think' with the word 'feel' when using a sentence? (ie. "I feel that the answer to the question is true.") if yes -1 4. Do you now carry, or have in your possession, any Jack Chick tracts? if yes -1 5. When Billy Graham or Jack Van Impe speaks does what they say elicit an emotional response? if yes -1 6. Do you feel compelled to fast when you are searching for "God's will"? if yes -1 7. Do you attend a "seeker service"? if yes -1 8. Does your church push whatever is the newest bestselling “christian” book. For example, has your pastor asked you or the church to be “Purpose Driven” if yes -1 9. Do you feel compelled to attend Dallas Theological Seminary? if yes -1 10. Is your pastor a graduate of either Fuller or Dallas Theological Seminary? if yes -1 11. Do you consider Hank Hanegraaff a theologian? if yes -2 12. Do you listen to Charles Stanley or any radio broadcast hosted by Campus Crusade for Christ? if yes -1 13. Does your pastor make his sermon points either rhyme or start with the same letter? if yes -1 14. Did you read any of the "Left Behind" books or watch the movie? if yes -1 15. Do you listen to any radio broadcast that is affiliated with Focus on the Family? if yes -1 16. Are you a Dispensationalist-Futurist? if yes -2 17. Do you have any Max Lucado books in your personal library? if yes -1 18. Do you feel guilty and believe you could have done more if a loved one or close friend has died without "accepting Christ" as his/her savior? if yes - 19. Do you have a fish decal on your car, or any other bumper sticker that tells people to get saved or go to hell? if yes -1 20. Does your pastor use extended draws at the end of sentences when he is preaching a sermon? ( ie. Praise the Lord..a, Praise God..a, amen....a) if yes -1 21. Do you have any books by Bill Hybels in your personal library? if yes -1 22. Do you attend any church that's name begins with "United"? if yes -2 23. Have you ever had a leg or finger lengthened at a "healing" service? Or does anyone at your church ever ask if you have “sin in your life? if yes -1 24. Do you use the word "anointed" on a regular/semi-regular basis? if yes -1 25. Do you now, or have you in the past, spoken in tongues? if yes -1 26. Have you ever heard of the following people? A.W. Pink, Jonathan Edwards, Charles Spurgeon, John Knox, John Calvin, Martin Luther (not to be confused with Martin Luther King jr.) If no -1 27. Do you agree with, and promote the writings of Charles Finney? if yes -2 28. Does your church use a big screen in order to display images during a church service? if yes -1 If your church has a “praise band” -3 29. Have you ever said "Jesus loves you" to a perfect stranger? if yes -1 30. Do you wear a WWJD bracelet? if yes -1 31. Do you use the word "just" many times in prayer? (ie. "I just ask for a pleasant day and just help dad get well, and please just bless those around me....etc). The word "just" is used in many Arminian prayers, typically in Charismatic circles. if yes -1 32. Do you believe that, in your walk of faith, you may have lost your salvation a time or two? if yes -1 33. Do you attend a Roman Catholic church? (if yes then deduct 10 points. This would place you in the Pelagian circle of faith, you have passed the normal Arminian heresy and gone straight into the blatantly Antichrist camp.) Ok, let’s see how you did. If your total is more than -5, you are either a full scale Arminian, or you are on your way. But it is still not too late for you to be given repentance… pray about it.

Funny joke? Whatsamatta University's Seminars For Men Fall Catalogue Once again, the female staff at Whatsamatta University will be offering courses for men of all marital status in an attempt to help males and females understand each other better. Attendance in at least 10 of the following is required. 1. Combatting Stupidity 2. You Too Can Do Housework 3. Resistance to Beer 4. How To Properly Fill An Ice Tray 5. We Do Not Want Sleazy Underwear For Christmas (Give Us Credit Cards) 6. Understanding The Female Response To Coming Home Drunk At 4:00am 7. Wonderful Laundry Techniques (also called "Don't Wash My Silks") 9. Get A Life - Learn To Cook 10. How Not To Act Like An Idiot When You Are Obviously Wrong 11. Spelling - Even You Can Get It Right 12. Understanding Your Financial Incompetence 13. You, The Weaker Sex 14. Reasons To Give Flowers 15. Garbage - Getting It To The Curb 16. You Cannot Always Wear Whatever You Please 17. How To Put Down A Toilet Seat 18. Give Me A Break - Why We Know Your Excuses Are Lies 19. How To Go Shopping With Your Mate Without Getting Lost 20. The Remote Control - Overcoming Your Dependency 21. Helpful Posture Hints For Couch Potatoes 22. Mother-in-Laws Are People Too 23. The Weekend And Sports Are Not Synonymous 24. How Not To Act Younger Than Your Children 25. You Too Can Be A Designated Driver 26. Male Bonding: Leave Your Friends At Home 27. Attainable Goal - Omitting Foul Expletives From Vocabulary 28. You Don't Really Need That Porsche Whatsamatta University's Seminars For Women Fall Catalogue Once again, the male staff at Whatsamatta University will be offering courses for women of all marital status in an attempt to help males and females understand each other better. Attendance in at least 10 of the following is required. 1. Combatting The Impulse To Nag 2. You Can Change The Oil Too 4. How To Properly Fill A Beer Mug 5. We Do Not Want Ties For Christmas 6. Understanding The Female Causes Of Male Drunkenness 7. How To Do All Your Laundry In One Load And Have More Time To Watch Football 8. Parenting - Your Husband Gave You Children So You Could Have Someone Other Than Him To Boss Around 9. How To Encourage Your Husband To Cook More And Be Able To Stomach His Slop 10. How Not To Sob Like A Sponge When Your Husband Is Right 11. Get A Life - Learn To Kill Spiders Yourself 12. Balancing A Checkbook - Even You Can Get It Right 13. Comprehending Credit Card Spending Limits And Financial Responsibility 14. You, The Whining Sex 15. Shopping - Doing It In Less Than 16 Hours 16. If You Want To Know How That Looks On You, Ask Your Mother 17. How To Close The Garage Door 18. If You Don't Want An Excuse, Don't Demand An Explanation 19. How To Go Fishing With Your Mate And Not Catch Pneumonia 20. Living Without Power Windows - How To Turn A Crank 21. Romanticism - The Whole Point Of Caviar, Candles, And Conversation 22. How To Retain Your Composure While Your Husband Is Relaxing By Himself 23. Why You Don't Need To Invite Your Mother Over Every Weekend 24. Payday And Shopping Are Not Synonymous 25. How To Act Younger Than Your Mother 26. You Too Can Carry A Backpack 27. Female Friendship - Why Your Best Friends Are Not The Women Who Complain About You The Most 28. Learning To Appreciate The Beer Belly And Lard Butt Morphologies Of Men 29. Attainable Goal - Catching A Ball Before It Stops Moving 30. How To Close The Top On The Toothpaste

Joke...............................? Whatsamatta University's Seminars For Men Fall Catalogue Once again, the female staff at Whatsamatta University will be offering courses for men of all marital status in an attempt to help males and females understand each other better. Attendance in at least 10 of the following is required. 1. Combatting Stupidity 2. You Too Can Do Housework 3. Resistance to Beer 4. How To Properly Fill An Ice Tray 5. We Do Not Want Sleazy Underwear For Christmas (Give Us Credit Cards) 6. Understanding The Female Response To Coming Home Drunk At 4:00am 7. Wonderful Laundry Techniques (also called "Don't Wash My Silks") 9. Get A Life - Learn To Cook 10. How Not To Act Like An Idiot When You Are Obviously Wrong 11. Spelling - Even You Can Get It Right 12. Understanding Your Financial Incompetence 13. You, The Weaker Sex 14. Reasons To Give Flowers 15. Garbage - Getting It To The Curb 16. You Cannot Always Wear Whatever You Please 17. How To Put Down A Toilet Seat 18. Give Me A Break - Why We Know Your Excuses Are Lies 19. How To Go Shopping With Your Mate Without Getting Lost 20. The Remote Control - Overcoming Your Dependency 21. Helpful Posture Hints For Couch Potatoes 22. Mother-in-Laws Are People Too 23. The Weekend And Sports Are Not Synonymous 24. How Not To Act Younger Than Your Children 25. You Too Can Be A Designated Driver 26. Male Bonding: Leave Your Friends At Home 27. Attainable Goal - Omitting Foul Expletives From Vocabulary 28. You Don't Really Need That Porsche Whatsamatta University's Seminars For Women Fall Catalogue Once again, the male staff at Whatsamatta University will be offering courses for women of all marital status in an attempt to help males and females understand each other better. Attendance in at least 10 of the following is required. 1. Combatting The Impulse To Nag 2. You Can Change The Oil Too 4. How To Properly Fill A Beer Mug 5. We Do Not Want Ties For Christmas 6. Understanding The Female Causes Of Male Drunkenness 7. How To Do All Your Laundry In One Load And Have More Time To Watch Football 8. Parenting - Your Husband Gave You Children So You Could Have Someone Other Than Him To Boss Around 9. How To Encourage Your Husband To Cook More And Be Able To Stomach His Slop 10. How Not To Sob Like A Sponge When Your Husband Is Right 11. Get A Life - Learn To Kill Spiders Yourself 12. Balancing A Checkbook - Even You Can Get It Right 13. Comprehending Credit Card Spending Limits And Financial Responsibility 14. You, The Whining Sex 15. Shopping - Doing It In Less Than 16 Hours 16. If You Want To Know How That Looks On You, Ask Your Mother 17. How To Close The Garage Door 18. If You Don't Want An Excuse, Don't Demand An Explanation 19. How To Go Fishing With Your Mate And Not Catch Pneumonia 20. Living Without Power Windows - How To Turn A Crank 21. Romanticism - The Whole Point Of Caviar, Candles, And Conversation 22. How To Retain Your Composure While Your Husband Is Relaxing By Himself 23. Why You Don't Need To Invite Your Mother Over Every Weekend 24. Payday And Shopping Are Not Synonymous 25. How To Act Younger Than Your Mother 26. You Too Can Carry A Backpack 27. Female Friendship - Why Your Best Friends Are Not The Women Who Complain About You The Most 28. Learning To Appreciate The Beer Belly And Lard Butt Morphologies Of Men 29. Attainable Goal - Catching A Ball Before It Stops Moving 30. How To Close The Top On The Toothpaste

I need help with my Patriot Act essay!? Please tell me how to better this. It has to be another minute longer. Topic: How Does the Patriot Act Vioate the Constitution? Here it is: The U.S. Constitution took effect on March 4th, 1789. It was created to “establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty.” It also set up a system of checks and balances, to make sure that no branch of government became too powerful. The last thing the United States wanted to become was the oppressive government they had only just recently separated themselves from. To further guarantee the freedoms of the American people, a block of twelve amendments was proposed, and ten were ratified. Passed in 1791, these amendments make up the United States Bill of Rights. They insure basic freedoms such as the freedom of speech, press, and religion. Others lay down the basis of search and seizure, privacy, and the due process of law. The constitution( with the addition of twenty-seven amendments) guaranteed the rights of the American people for over 200 years. But in the morning hours of September eleventh, 2001, terrorists hijacked four planes. One crashed in a field in Pennsylvania, another into the pentagon, and the remaining two into the world trade centers. In response, President Bush declared a war on terrorism, including Al-Qaeda, and Osama Bin-Ladin. In march 2003 the U.S. invaded Iraq, stating that they had weapons of mass destruction, and ties to Al-Qaeda. On December 13th, 2003, Saddam was arrested for mass murder. Recently he has been convicted and sentenced to death by hanging. In addition to our foreign war, several bills were passed to aid in the war against terrorism. In 2002, Congress passed and the president signed the bill forming the department of homeland security, the largest change in the contemporary U.S. government. The cabinet department’s responsibility is to keep the American people safe from both terrorist attacks and natural disasters. The U.S. also passed the P.A.T.R.I.O.T. Act, and invoked the help of the National Security Agency. Since that time, the U.S. has walked a very fine line between protecting our liberties, and disregarding them. The Constitution was established to protect us, and yet acts such as the patriot act are getting around “the supreme law of the land” Please know, this is my opinion, but unfortunately, it isn’t the view of the court system. The P.A.T.R.I.O.T. act encroaches upon the liberties set down for us in the constitution in many ways, but let’s start sequentially, shall we? The act violates the fourth amendment. The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution reads: "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons of things to be seized." The Patriot Act, now passed and the law of the land, has revoked the necessity for probable cause, and now allows the police, just so long as you are suspected of being a terrorist, to enter and search your house — and not even have to tell you about it. Yes, nicknamed sneak and peak, the U.S. Patriot Act allows for delay of a notification of a warrant. A warrant which can now be issued without even probable cause. The U.S. also violates the fourth amendment using the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance act, which can gather information without a warrant for foreign interest. The FISA can order a wire-tap. We’re now gathering information for ourselves alone, not a foreign country, that is illegal. In addition to the violation of the amendment, it destroys a major aspect of their Constitution, checks and balances. Without judicial oversight in these matters, the scales are thrown way off. Believe it or not, the act also violates the fifth amendment! It violates the Fifth Amendment by allowing for indefinite incarceration without trial for those deemed by the Attorney General to be threats to national security. The Fifth Amendment guarantees that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law, and the P.A.T.R.I.O.T. Act does away with due process. It provides for indefinite incarceration, and delay of a lawyer, if they see one at all! Basically, it allows suspected terrorists to be shipped away to some cell in Guantanamo Bay without even a trial! So obviously, that shatters the sixth amendment as well, which provides for a “speedy and public trial”. What about the eighth amendment? It states that there should not be any cruel or unusual punishments. I’ll leave this one to you, do you call getting shipped to some dirty cell in Guantanamo without a lawyers consult, a trial, or even a conviction cruel and unusual? And of course, it is misused. A North Carolina man was charged with creating chemical weapons after he was busted for running a meth lab. Instead of six months in jail, he now faces twelve years. The U.S. also used section 806 to seize 4.5 million dollars from a telemarketing company that scammed the elderly into thinking they had won the Canadian lottery, as long as they paid thousands in back income taxes. The section allows the government to freeze or seize the assets of any group or individual who are funding terrorist organizations. I mean, sure, they were being mean to old people, but a terrorist organization they were not. It was up to the Canadian government to shut them down. We had no right to dismantle the group, let alone seize their assets! And just months after the passing of the act, the justice department was teaching seminars on how to extend the wire-tapping provisions to include non-terrorism cases. It has also been confirmed by the president that the NSA tapped phones without a warrant, or FISA order. Not only did they do this, but President Bush, knew completely about it! To me, that sounds just a tad illegal! It is comforting to know however some parts of the act have been ruled unconstitutional by the courts. On September 29, 2004, U.S. District Judge Victor Marrero struck down Section 505—which allowed the government to issue "National Security Letters" to obtain sensitive customer records from Internet service providers and other businesses without judicial oversight. The section is very broad in its definition of business records. These include phone records, Internet records, and library records. Not only must the service providers or business owners furbish the government with our private records, but they aren’t allowed to tell us that they gave them away. If they do, they can be charged as an accessory. Not only does this section violate the first and fourth amendment, it throws off the marvelous American system of checks and balances. A judge is supposed to be the only one who can issue a subpoena, but not anymore. This section completely cut out the judicial system. At least the system of checks and balances allowed the courts to overrule this section and declare it unconstitutional. I call for a return to the U.S. Constitution. While some may say it needs to change with the times, it hardly has in the past 200 years. It keeps our government restrained. If we continue down this path, who knows how long it will be until warrants are abolished all together, or the due process of law is ignored completely. I say that we are walking down that road today, and we must turn around to preserve our liberty. And although the U.S. uses things like the patriot act and the NSA to prevent terrorism, they also encroach upon the freedoms of the American people. The very freedoms they say that they are trying to protect. When looking at some of the obvious breaches of the Constitution, one must wonder; what is the bigger threat to our freedom; the tyranny of foreign governments such as Iraq and North Korea, or the very hypocritical government which utilizes the Constitution, but has no problem getting around it should the need arise. Please try as best you can to do another amendment. But any other breach of the Constitution will be fine!!

In search of sisterhood? I am a sophmore at an HBCU and a lot of the girls here don't get along and the ones that do have been friends since high school. Right now I have ONE female friend that I chill with all the time, but I would like to have a couple more to go out to parties, seminars, & just to chill with. I'm not ugly and have a well balanced and rounded personality, & I am also very pretty. So, I can't understand for the life of me why I can't keep or gain any female friends... Any suggestions??? I am a member of NSCS & ABPsi, & I go out often to all sorts of events seminars, discussions ect.

Do you think it is hard to own a hangun in my country? Requirements to Possess New/Transfer Firearm (Individual) An individual must be a Filipino citizen, at least 21 years of age, of good moral character and qualified to posses/own a firearm. Application form must be properly accomplished, signed by the applicant and duly notarized. The following forms are to be strictly complied with before submission: Forms to be accomplished Duly accomplishes Firearm License Application (3 copies duly notarized w/ CTC No.) PNP Form No. 2 (Application for Regular License) Information Sheet Affidavit of No-Pending Case Drug Test Gun Safety Seminar with OR Neuro-Psychiatric Test with OR DI/PNP Clearance Police Clearance (Place of Residence) Mayor's Clearance (Place of Residence) Court Clearance (Place of Residence) Ballistics/Stencil Report PNP Form No.12 (Permit to Purchase Firearm and Ammunition) Firearm License Fee (EO256) and Surety Bond Firearm License Card Fee P150.00 Deed of Sale or Affidavit of Transfer (For Transfer Firearm) Three (3) 2x2 and two (2) 1x1 ID pictures with signature Proof of Citizenship for Foreign Sounding names (Birth Certificate, etc.) Other documents required FOR PRIVATE INDIVIDUAL Certificate of Employment Income Tax Return duly notarized by BIR representative FOR PROFESSIONAL Photocopy of PTR for the current year Income Tax Return duly notarized by BIR representatives FOR BUSINESSMAN Business Name Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Statement FOR PROPRIETOR / OVERSEER / ADMINISTRATOR Treasurer's Certificate showing value of agricultural land Income Tax Return duly notarized by BIR representative FOR SENATOR / CONGRESSMAN Appointment Order FOR OFFICIAL / EMPLOYEES OF THE SENATE / CONGRESS / APPOINTIVE OFFICIALS Copy of appointment from the Civil Service FOR PROVINCIAL OFFICIALS / EMPLOYEES Copy of appointment from the Civil Service or Oath of Office FOR SENIOR CITIZEN Letter request addressed to C,PNP (Attn: C,FED) Proof or document showing that applicant is under actual threat or his life is in imminent danger Xeroxed copy of renewed Firearm License Xeroxed copy of expired permit (for Renewal) Medical Certificate - attesting to the applicant is fit to possess, handle and carry firearm Senior Citizen's ID Card PTCFOR ID Card Fee - P150.00 FOR AFP / PNP / BJMP PERSONNEL Latest Enlistment/Re-enlistment/Appointment/Absorption Order for those in Active Service or Retirement Order for Retirees Either I have to wait till I'm 65 yrs old and live in a really bad slum neiborhood.